ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 189 Type: Hypostomus aurantiacus Castelnau The Amazon valley Hemiancistrus and the present genus are scarcely separable except that the latter is marked by a greater or less continuity between the dorsal and adipose fins. 175. PARANCISTRUS AURANTIACUS (Castelnau) Hypostomus aurantiacus Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 48, pl. xxi, fig. 2, Rio Ucayali. HypostomusnigricansCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,44,pl.xxii,fig.1. Hypostomus vicinus Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 45, pl. xxi, fig. 1. Parancistrus aurantiacus Bleeker, 1863, Nederl. Tijdsch. Dierk., I, 79; Kigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), II, 44; figenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 424; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 409. Parancistrus nigricans EKigenmann and Kigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 44. ChaetostomusaurantiacusGinther,1864,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,V,246. ChaetostomusnigricansGiinther,1864,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,V,246. Ancistrus aurantiacus Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 236. Peruvian Amazon Three specimens in British Museum. Imperfectly known through Castelnau’s figures and description.
Genus 80: ACANTHICUS Spix Acanthicus Spix, 1829, Sel. Gen. et Spec. Pise. Bras., 2; Eigenmann and EKigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 489; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 261; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 412. Type: Acanthicus hystrix Spix The Amazon and tributaries Lacking adipose fin; postdorsal area with rather large plates; predorsal plates small and numerous, and isolated like those of the sides; entire margin of snout wellbristled.
176. ACANTHICUS HYSTRIX Spix AcanthicushystrixSpix,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,3,pl.1; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 253; Giinther,1868,Proce.Zool.Soe.London,233,Neberos; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 46; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 440; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 262; EKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,412. Amazon Three specimens known, collected by Bartlett, probably from Xeberos, possibly enroute down the Amazon.
190 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Genus 81: LASIANCISTRUS Regan Ancistrus (Lasiancistrus) Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 224, 237. Lasiancisirus Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 409. Type: Chaetostomus heteracanthus Giinther Peruvian Amazon to Panama Separated from Ancistrus, Parancistrus, and Pseudancistrus as follows (after Regan): with stoutish bristles on the interopercle where they have slender ones; sides of snout with or without short bristles, where the other genera are provided Fic. 22. Catching the candiru on split fish without the aid of tackle. with them; a few slender bristles outside the stouter ones. Resembling the other genera except Pseudancistrus in the retractile nature of the spines, withdrawing beneath the opercle.
177. LASIANCISTRUS HETERACANTHUS (Giinther) ChaetostomusheteracanthusGiinther,1869,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,425,figs.3and4,one,73inches, Bartlett,PeruvianAmazon.
Hemiancistrus heteracanthus Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 44; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 420. Ancistrus (Lasiancistrus) heteracanthus Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 224, 237. Lasiancistrus heteracanthus Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 409.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 191 Peruvian Amazon 178. LASIANCISTRUS PICTUS (Castelnau) Hypostomus pictus Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 44, pl. xxii, fig. 2. Ancistrus (Lasiancistrus) pictus Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 237. LasiancistruspictusEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,409. Rio Ucayali One poor specimen known.
Genus 82: CHAETOSTOMA Heckel Hypostomus (in part) Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XV, 489. Ancistrus (in part) Kner, 1854, Denksch. KKK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, i, 272. ChaetostomaHeckel,inTschudi,1846,FaunaPeru.,25,loborhynchus; Jordan,1919,GeneraofFishes,IT,230.
Chaetostomus Ikner, 1854, Denksch. Kx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, i, 271 with an unjustified change of spelling; Bleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,78,loborhynchus; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 240; EigenmannandHigenmann,1889,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sei.,(2),II,46; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 443; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 244; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410, and of authors generally.
Type: Chaetostoma loborhyncha Tschudi Mountain regions northwestern South America, from the Chagres basin to that of the Beni in Bolivia Hypostomatinae having a narrow, naked area about the snout, and free from tentacles; mouth wide, mandible about equal to the interorbital; lower surfaces generally naked.
The species restricted usually to limited areas in the interandine valleys due to effective barriers. In this they show a similar distribution pattern to that found in plants, molluscs, and even in such winged forms as the butterflies. 179. CHAETOSTOMA FURCATA Fowler Chaetostomus furcatus Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., NCI, 238, figs. 28 and 29. The Ucayali, Contamana Kknown from the unique specimen at the Philadelphia Academy, the type, 127 mm., named for the very long, forked caudal fin. 180. CHAETOSTOMA TACZANOWSKIL Steindachner Chaetostomus taczanowskii Steindachner, 1882, Denksch. KKK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 23, pl. v, figs. 2 and 2a, R. Huambo;
192 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Eigenmann and EKigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Aead. Sci., (2), II, 46; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 442; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, XVII, 247; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410. Oriental Peru to elevations of 6000 feet 15417, 6, 86-153 mm., Rio Tingo, Hudnuco, over 6000 feet, Allen, October, 1918. 15418, many, 42-137 mm., Huancachupa creek, Hudnuco, Allen, October, 1918. 17832, 2, 75 and 82 mm., Rio Huallaga, Hudnuco, Allen, October, 1918. 17833,2,55and65mm.,RioUrubamba,PuebloUrubamba,Eigenmann,November,1918. 17834, 6, 34-60 mm., Rio Urubamba, Santa Ana, Eigenmann, November, 1918. Naked part of snout tumid, densely covered with papillae, somewhat larger than the largest ones on the lips, snout projecting much beyond mouth by reason of the underlying cushion of connective and serous tissues; mouth wide, equals snout, and nearly equals the pectoral spine.
Base of dorsal longer than its distance from the tip of the adipose fin. Mandibular ramus equals interorbital; eye 3 in interorbital, the latter 3 in the head.
Scutes armed with spinules directed backward, those of the edge of each scute forming rows which outline the scutes in a bright, golden-amber light; spinules of the fins longer than those of the scutes except for the anal fin. Uniformly dark, or with shadow spots on the trunk. Caudal in young with 3 series of spots forming cross bands; 5 or 7 less regular series in the adult; dorsal with 6-12 alternating light and dark areas on the rays, the number increasing with age; lower fins uniform or but slightly spotted.
The Rio Tingo specimens, 15417, exhibit the following scutation: D. 18 scutes 3 25 +1 2441 2 1 :
The Santa Ana specimens, 17834, are of more depressed form, depth at pectoral girdle being only ? that of the specimens from Pueblo Urubamba of the same river, and of those from the Huallaga.
181. CHAETOSTOMA LINEOPUNCTATA Eigenmann and Allen, sp. nov. Plate VI, fig. 1 15373, 2, 52 and 143 mm., the larger the type, Rio Azupizti, Allen, July, 1920. D. 1, 8; A. I, 5. head 40 mm.; depth 20 mm.; length to base of caudal plates 13 mm.; snout 26 mm., eye 5 mm., postorbital part of head 10 mm., interorbital 10.5 mm., width of head 41 mm., mandibular ramus 13 mm.; width at origin of ventrals 833 mm.; depth of caudal peduncle 15 mm., its length 32 mm.; pectoral spine 36 mm.; outer ventral ray 31 mm.; upper caudal ray 34 mm., dorsal spine 29 mm., base of dorsal fin 31 mm., distance of the snout to the origin of the dorsal fin 46 mm.; scutes 25 + 1.
Broad, flat below, but little elevated at any point; naked part of snout rather narrow; interopercle with 3—4 short spines; last dorsal ray not adnate, Just reaching
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 193 the adipose spine; caudal fin obliquely truncate; ventrals reaching the middle of the anal or farther; pectorals to or beyond the origin of the second third of the ventrals, base of dorsal equal to its distance from a point halfway between the caudal and the tip of the adipose spine.
Head and sides everywhere with many obscure black spots, smallest of the head, those of the caudal peduncle about the size of the pupil; lower surface of caudal peduncle similarly spotted, the belly unspotted; a series of spots between the dorsal spine and the first ray; two series of spots between the rays, the spots conspicuous, of the size of those on the center of the caudal peduncle; each membrane of the caudal, anal, pectoral, and ventral fins with a dark longitudinal line bordered by hyaline; tips of the upper and lower caudal lobes rusty.
In the smaller specimen the peculiar markings of body and fins have not developed; the caudal is obliquely truncate, blackish, margined with rusty, the rusty widest on the tips of the lobes.
Near to C. anomalus in the size of the eye, length of mandibular ramus, form of the caudal peduncle, depth (2.14 in length), the number of the dorsal rays, and the narrow interorbital; differing in the number of anal rays, more slender form (head in the length about 3.6 compared with 3), and in the coloration, especially that of the fins.
182. CHAETOSTOMA MARMORESCENS Eigenmann and Allen, sp. nov.
15408,many,52-135mm.,thelargestthetype,Huancachupacreek,nearHudnuco,elevation6000 feet,Allen,October,1918.
15402, 3, 86-107 mm., Rio Tingo, Hudnuco, Allen, October, 1918. Evidently allied to loborhynchus, anomalus, and taczanowskii, resembling the last-named in respect to the form of the dorsal fin, the second-named in the proportions of the eye and interorbital space and slender caudal peduncle; differing from anomalus in the longer, lower form of the dorsal fin, and from all in the warty growths of the head.
Head 3.0-3.9; depth 5.25-5.75; D. I, 7 in two, I, 8 in 68, and I, 9 in 18; A. I, 3 or I, 4; scutes 25 + 1, 5 or 6 scutes between the dorsals, one or two of them unpaired, 9 or 10 between anal and caudal; base of dorsal nearly equal to its distance from the caudal; naked part of snout densely covered with warts a little larger than those on the lip; interopercle with 8-16 nearly or quite straight spines. Eye 8 in snout, 2.5 in the postorbital part of the head, 3.4 in interorbital; interorbital 3.25—3.56 in the length of the head; loreal region with the naked portion wider than the armored part; mandibular ramus equals interorbital; head but little longer than wide.
Dorsal much longer than high, the last ray sometimes reaching adipose; adipose well developed; caudal very slightly emarginate in the young, oblique and slightly rounded in the adult; ventrals rounded or angulated, the fourth ray forming the angle, reaching the middle of the anal; pectoral spine reaching a little beyond origin of ventral, the first ray reaching beyond the spine; depth of caudal peduncle 2.25— 2.5 in its length.
194 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Uniform dark brown or indications of marbling, dorsal membranes translucent, the rays alternately light and dark; caudal in the young with three dark bars, the bars more numerous and less regular in the old, the membranes always translucent, the angles of the fins sometimes very narrowly rusty; anal, ventrals and pectorals uniform or the ventral rays alone with faint spots. 183. CHAETOSTOMA SERICEA Cope ChaetostomussericeusCope,1871,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,288; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), H, 46; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Oce. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 448. XenocarasericeaRegan,1904,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XVIT,252. Rio Ambyiacu 184. CHAETOSTOMA VARIOLA Cope Chaetostomus variolus Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 288; Bigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), I, 46; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 442. Xenocara cirrhosa (in part) Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 256. AncistruscirrhosusKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,411. Rio Ambyiacu 185. CHAETOSTOMA BRANICKIL Steindachner Chaetostomus branickit Steindachner, 1881, Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLIII, 118, pl. vi, fig. 1, one, 110 mm., R. Huambo; Eigenmann and Bigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), II, 46; EKigenmannandEigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,443; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 250; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410. Rio de Huambo; Callacate, Peru, specimens reaching 135 mm. 186. CHAETOSTOMA DERMORHYNCHA Boulenger ChaetostomusdermorhynchusBoulenger,1887,Proc.Zool.Soe.London,277,pl.xxii,Canelos; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), H, 46; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 443; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 248; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410. Canelos, Ecuador, the types alone being known 187. CHAETOSTOMA LOBORHYNCHA Tschudi Chaetostomus loborhynchus Tschudi, 1845, Fauna Peru., 26, pl. iv; Giinther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 250; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 46;
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 195 Higenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 443; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soe. London, XVII, 246; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410. The Andean streams of eastern Peru (Marcapata valley) 188. CHAETOSTOMA MICROPS Giinther HypostomuserinaceusGiinther,1859,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,420. Chaetostomus microps Ginther, 1864, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 250; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 23, Rio de Huambo; Boulenger,1887,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,277,Canelos; Eigenmann and EKigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (2), I, 46; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 448; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 251, pl. xiv, fig. 3; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 410. Eastern Andes of Peru and Ecuador 189. CHAETOSTOMA MACULATA Regan ChaetostomusmaculatusRegan,1904,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XVII,246,pl.xiv,fig.4. Two specimens of 65 mm. length from ‘‘Rozmaiu”’, ‘“Upper Peru.” 190. CHAETOSTOMA MARCAPATAE Regan ChaetostomusmarcapataeRegan,1904,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XVII,246,pl.xiv,fig.1; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410. Marcapata valley, southeastern Peru Known from the 100-mm. type collected by Ockenden. 191. CHAETOSTOMA BREVIS Regan ChaetostomusbrevisRegan,1904,Trans.Zool.Soc.London,XVII,247,pl.xin,fig.3; FKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410; Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., (4), XXIII, 96, Balsas, Tingo de Pauca, upper Maranon, possibly two species.
Eastern fringe of Andes of Ecuador and Peru 192. CHAETOSTOMA MOLLINASA Pearson Chaetostomus mollinasus Pearson, 1937a, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (4), X XIII, 96, pl. xii, figs. 1 and 2, BalsasandCajamarca.
Both sides Central Cordillera, northern Peru Notable for the subcutaneous cushion of the snout, like that of a tugboat, extending and increasing forward from the interopercles.
196 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Genus 83: XENOCARA Regan Chaetostoma(inpart)Heckel(Tschudi),1846,FaunaPeru.,25. Xenocara Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 251; Kigenmann, 1905, Science, n.s. XXI, 794; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,235.
Type: Chaetostoma latifrons Giinther Rivers of much of South America Interopercle movable, usually spinous; mouth narrow, mandible much less in width than interorbital; teeth of respective Jaws subequal; snout with naked margin; skull characterized by stays separating superficial bones from the brain case, the outer shell consisting of portions of the frontals, postfrontals, supraoccipitals, and squamosals.
193. NENOCARA LATIFRONS (Ginther) ChaetostomuslatifronsGiinther,1869,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,426; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 46; Kigenmann and Higenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 442. Xenocara latifrons Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 253, pl. xv, fig. 1; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 410. Peruvian Amazon Represented by the type, 160 mm., in the British Museum. Genus 84: ANCISTRUS Kner Ancistrus Kner, 1853, Denksch. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, VII, 272, sp.; Bleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,77,czrrhosus; EigenmannandEKigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sei.,I,444; Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 221; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 411. Xenocara (in part) Regan, 1904, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XVII, 251. Type: Hypostomus cirrhosus Cuvier and Valenciennes Panama to the Guianas and La Plata basin Plecostominae having snout granular to margin (sometimes naked in females), tentaculate, the tentacles more numerous in the males; the interopercle a movable plate, spinous or bristly; teeth of premaxillaries and dentaries subequal and in about the same number.
194. ANCISTRUS HOPLOGENYS (Ginther) ChaetostomushoplogenysGiinther,1864,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,V,247. AncistrushoplogenysEigenmannandEigenmann,1889,Proc.Cal.Acad.Sci.,(2),IH,48; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 448; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 43;