ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 357 showing it to be quite distinct from that species. Valenciennes was informed by Pentland that it was a favorite local food species, known as the pejerrey, noting that the name is applied in Spanish countries to the best fish of the region, and that Basilichthys also carries that complimentary epithet at Lima. I was not given that name, nor informed that it was considered a good food fish at Moho. It suggests In its general form some relationship to O. cuvieri, and thought to be possibly the young of that species.
Valenciennes described his O. humboldti in rather fuller terms than either the better-known agassizii or pentlandi. The specimens indicated above more nearly approach humboldti than any others previously reported, but do not conform perfectly to description.
Incae-like in the square tail, scaled venter, size of the eye, paucity of teeth. Unlike humboldti types apparently by being too short, head too short, dorsal profile too elevated. Similar to humboldti in the complete lack of specialized scales, the scales reaching to and including the venter, as represented in his figure (which may not be reliable), elongation of the caudal peduncle. The figure given by Valenclennes comes very close to my specimens, except for the deeply concave caudal fin, but the text describes it as truncate, which fits my specimens. His specimens were half an inch longer than my largest, and said to reach a maximum of no more than five inches. My largest were sexually mature at 82 mm. or more. Elongate, compressed, evenly and moderately convex from occiput to end of dorsal fin and from chin to origin of anal; caudal peduncle long, equal to head, straight; dorsal and anal bases oblique; depth moderate, 3.6. Crown convex, snout short, less than eye; eye large, elevated, slightly elongated out of round, nearly equal to interorbital space, equal to snout, nearly 4.0 in the head; mouth oblique, rather narrow; teeth few, rather large, first series complete, few in second. Seales smooth, flat, thin, concentrically striate, the striae rather roughened, none either cornified or granulate, regular, extending well forward on snout, and on the cheek beyond the orbit; about 24 small scales on the vertebral series; sides and belly fully scaled.
Dra -l35 Ay 12-13 oP. 14-16.
Dorsal origin forward of middle of body, fin small, its base equal to depth of caudal peduncle, contained 2.5 times in the latter, the tip of fin reaching only onethird the length of peduncle; anal fin reaching a little farther; caudal fin long, narrow, truncate; pectoral rounded, reaching more than half way to the anal origin. These fin and body proportions resemble those of immature specimens and would easily be understood as such, except for finding some with well-developed gonads. These specimens from the fjérd at Moho resemble other species collected there in the waters from the red sandstone of the region in being pale red-brown on a ground-color of silver and yellow. The scales rather uniformly and finely punctulate with chromatophores. Few fine markings on fins, not always present; the anal usually hyaline.
Locally named: hispe, hualpuche, silve.
358 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 476. ORESTIAS CUVIERI Valenciennes Plate XVII, fig. 5 Orestias cuviert Valenciennes, 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 225, pl. 532, Lake Titicaca; Eigenmann and EKigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 65; Garman, 1895, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 147, pl. iii, fig. 11; Starks, 1906, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XXX, 779; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 461; Evermann and Radeliffe, 1917, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 38. Orestias cuviertt Cope, 1877 (1878), Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVIII, 44. Lake Titicaca 3926 MCZ, 6, 170-190 mm., Puno, Lake Titicaca.
3927 MCZ, 4, 172-195 mm., Puno, Lake Titicaca.
3931 MCZ, 4, 170-180 mm., Puno, Lake Titicaca.
3951 MCZ, 1, 160 mm., Puno, Lake Titicaca.
1461 MCZ, 1, 175 mm., Puno, Lake Titicaca.
31,112 MCZ, 1, 160 mm., Puno, Lake Titicaca.
Dorsal contour convex, slightly angulate or not at all above the pectoral basis, flattened or moderately convex on the head, depressed before the eye by the proportions of the mouth; ventral profile almost straight; width moderate, 1.4 in the greatest depth, 1.7-1.8 in the length of the head. Head very long, 2.8-3.2 in the length without caudal, rather angular, its bones prominent, right-angled; snout long, broad, chin prominent, rounded. Eye large, elongated, before the middle of the head, 5.2-5.7 in the latter, 1.6 in the interorbital space; mouth of extreme size, the only one not exaggerated in Valenciennes’ figures, cleft far below the level of the orbit, gape exceeding interorbital space by nearly half of the latter; teeth large, hooked, in 2-8 broken series.
Caudal peduncle rather long, tapering to the middle point, widening conspicuously at the caudal basis.
D. 14-15; A. 16-17; P. 18-19.
Dorsal well back, doubtless by reason of the size of the head, its origin behind the middle point from occiput to caudal base, dorsal base 1.3-1.5 in the length of the peduncle; elevation of the dorsal moderate, its tip reaching about half way to the caudal basis; dorsal and anal bases slightly elevated, naked, the former exserted, the latter oblique; pectoral wide, moderately long, reaching barely half way to the vent; caudal broad, roundly truncate. The vent fleshy, slightly protuberant. Vertebral series of scales 22-23, with two lateral series rather complete and continuous, the back slightly and shallowly compressed and bordered by variable naked areas, lacking in two, 3926; a large preorbital plate, infraorbital scales reduced to two or three; cheek and opercle scantily scaled, the former reduced to little more than two rows, on the latter more or less confluent; scales lacking on the prepectoral area, and in this species alone naked on the postpectoral to an extent just covered by the fin; scale-rows somewhat irregular on the largest, scales rather deciduous, granulations relatively sparse on forward parts, not very rough, sometimes worn, often pearly in appearance.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 359 Color in these specimens after sixty-five or more years in alcohol, upper parts pale, uniform brown, unmarked, verging into pale yellow below. Reported by Pentland to Valenciennes under the name Umanto, a Quichua word rendered also omanto. The species was not collected by us. Valenciennes was informed by Pentland that it appears on fishing grounds only at certain seasons. This may mean that for the rest of the year it migrates into deeper water, out of reach of our collecting gear and that of the natives. By Valenciennes it was reported as the largest, the most striking in appearance, and reputedly the bestliked food fish. Garman, on the contrary, reports that its market value is less than that of O. pentlandii. Garman reports that dead specimens with everted stomachs Fia. 43. Fish prepared for drying. Three of the commonest forms used for drying, the boca chica,palometa,andlisa,takenduringtheearlierstagesoftherisingwatersoftherainyseasoninthe mountainsabove.TheSiamese-twinstyleofdressingsmallfishesisastandardprocedure. were picked up on the shores of the island of Titicaca, possibly implying their having arisen after death from considerable depths.
16077, 1, 73 mm., Moho bay, Lake Titicaca, Allen, December, 1918. This small, somewhat emaciated, and somewhat mutilated specimen is placed here by elimination and without much certainty, as a possible juvenile. It is, however, very unlike the specimens which Garman considered young cuviert. It is the most elongate of all my Orestias, not at all showing the robust proportions of the adult. Cuwzeri-like in the depth of the mouth, but without prominent teeth and lacking width. With the irregular rows of scales and extended caudal peduncle; eye large.
Depth slight, 7.3 in the length; the elongated head 4.7; the interorbital width
360 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA just exceeding the eye; eye large, 4.0 in the head, which is everywhere narrow with no protrusion of the opercle, and little modification of the juvenile scales; about 25 in the vertebral series, a naked area on each side, elsewhere very irregular, the number small; pectoral well surrounded by scales, short, not reaching half way to anal base; opercle silvery; peduncle depth 1.25 times eye. 477. ORESTIAS PENTLANDII Valenciennes Plate XVII, figs. 3 and 4 Orestias pentlandit Valenciennes, 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 172, pl. 533; Castelnau, 1855, Anim. Amér. Sud, Poiss., 52; Figenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 65; Garman, 1895, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 148; Steindachner, 1902, Denksch. Xk. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XII, 58, pl. iv, fig. 4; Pellegrin, 1904, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXIX, 92; Starks, 1906, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, 779; Pellegrin, 1906, Poiss. Lacs. Hauts Plat. Amér. Sud, 126, 127, 129, fig. 191; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 39. Orestias bairdit Cope, 1875, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1871-1874, 185. Lake Titicaca 16082, 4, 180-190 mm., Capachica, Lake Titicaca, Allen, November, 1918. 16083, Yunguyo bay, Lake Titicaca, Allen, November, 1918. 16084, Pomata bay, Lake Titicaca, Allen, December, 1918.
16085, 3, 161-175 mm., Lake Arapa, Allen, January, 1919.
Elongated, little elevated; width in depth 1.3; depth in length of the head 1.3; head long, 3.7—-4.0 in length without caudal; trunk rounded, becoming compressed toward caudal peduncle; dorsal and ventral contours uniformly and moderately convex.
Crown slightly convex, broad, flat, scaled or naked; eye in the interorbital space 2.4; snout moderately long, containing eye 1.4 times, narrowing to a moderately broad, rounded, blunt muzzle; mouth small to medium, 1.2 times eye, gape moderate, Just reaching, or not reaching, lowest level of the orbit, oblique; head long, containing eye 5.4-6.0 times, opercle especially long; teeth rather few, the second series weak, deciduous.
D. 11-18, short, erect, the longest rays equal to the length of the base; A, 13-15, its elevation greater than the length of the base; P. 18-19, broad, triangular, the last rays diminishing, the longest ones more or less half way to the anal origin; C. large, broad, slightly emarginate.
Scales of the crown rather deciduous, with a scaleless area sometimes on either side of the back; granulations of scales not extreme, rather smooth; infraorbital, lower opercle, prepectoral, and a wide area on the venter, including anal basis, without scales. A pentagonal or subrhomboidal bony plate occupies the preorbital space to the maxillary; a similar pair of narial plates, roundly triangular, overroof the snout; the first nares much reduced, pore-like. Body scales tend to be much less regular than in most species.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 361 Caudal peduncle slender, not extremely compressed, its lowest elevation less than interorbital width, broadening at caudal basis. Light to dark brown above, underparts yellow, the iris bright yellow, the opercle sometimes brilliantly iridescent yellow; a green tint sometimes seen on upper parts. The Lake Arapa specimens are of bright saffron underneath, perhaps indicating a recent spawning period, since the ovaries had the empty appearance. The fins are dusky.
Garman recognizes a variety of pentlandii from the Cuzco valley, 2 as large, much darker on the back, above the lateral line. This he names fuscus. We have no evidence of the species extending beyond the Titicaca basin; fuscus may be accounted for as a mislabeling of the locality, or possibly large specimens of O. milleri.
Reported by Pentland under the colloquial name boguilla; in my experience it was always called boga, without the diminutive, unless for a small specimen. Garman learned the variant form bova. This, he believed, indicated a term of contempt, such as an hidalgo might have meant in speaking of common people as “cattle.”
The species is wholly lacustrine in habit, unless there should be among our specimens unrecognized juveniles from streams. Garman reports it less abundant than O. cwvier?, Just the opposite of my experience. He considers it next to the Pygidium rivulatum of the lake as a table fish. Pellegrin’s stomach examinations of his 21 specimens of about 200 mm. showed little but plant tissues, with few molluscan fragments, and no complete shells. 478. ORESTIAS LUTEUS Valenciennes Plate XVIII, figs. 1 and 2 Orestias luteus Valenciennes, 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 181; Garman, 1895, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 154; Pellegrin, 1904, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, XXIX, 96; Starks, 1906, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, 781: Pellegrin, 1906, Poiss. Lacs Hauts Plat. Amér. Sud, 126, 127, 134, fig. 19iv; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 42; Rendahl, 1937, Ark. Zool. Stockholm, 29A11. Lake Titicaea and its basin 16079, Moho bay, Allen, December, 1918.
16080, Puno bay, Allen, November, 1918.
16086,46,35-91mm.,bayofHuancané,Allen,December,1918. 16090,6,46-61mm.,same.
16091,39,32-54mm.,same.
16095, 16, 33-172 mm., Lago Umayo, Allen, January, 1919. 16100, Guaqul, Lake Titicaca, Allen, December, 1918. 16104, Yunguyo bay, Lake Titicaca, Allen, December, 1918. 16105, same.
16109, 2, 38-65 mm., Lake Arapa, Allen, Decemker, 1918. 16110, Chupa, Lake Arapa, Allen, December, 1918. 16123, Juliaca, Rio de Lampa, Allen, January, 1919. 16127, Rio de Azdingaro, Azingaro, Allen, January, 1919.
362 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Widely disseminated within its narrower boundaries which appear to be about the northern fringe of Lake Titicaca and its more lacustrine tributaries, but not so generally distributed as O. agassizii or miilleri. One of the most extreme and distinctive species. The following paragraphs are descriptive mainly of my largest specimen, 172 mm. in length, part of 16095, collected in Lake Umayo, at the foot of the mountain Atuncolla with its ancient ruins. (Fig. 42). D. 13; A. 18; P. 20; C. 28; vertebral series 12.
Head in length 3.3 and equal to greatest depth; its width slightly less, 3.5 in length; crown strongly convex, depressed at occiput; snout slightly greater than diameter of eye, which, although large, is contained in the large head 5.8 times; more than 2.0 in the broad interorbital; the orbit tangent to the crown, with a shghtly prominent overhang; snub-nosed; head extremely angular; mandible vertical, gape horseshoe-shaped, front view, the rictus reaching little below the orbit; width of gape 1.0-1.4 in the interorbital.
Dorsal profile strongly arched from occiput to dorsal fin; chin blunt, mouth superior, thin-lipped, edentulous. Postorbital portion of head 1.7 times greater than snout plus eye, the broad opercle terminating in an almost right angle. Scalation complete, no naked area on back; a row of bucklers elevated into a ridge above the opercle; well-developed granulations on the bucklers to the middle of the pectoral, more or less worn off at shoulder; remaining scales outlined with a brown, faintly granulate zone, which gives to the trunk a reticulate appearance; prepectoral with three rows of scales extending well below the base of the fin; sides also well-sealed, except for a naked patch extending from the belly up to the pectoral basis; dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin bases elevated and naked. A large, fleshy, protuberant area encloses the vent, the openings prominent. The fins are of the flexible, membranous, harsh type, with a brown membrane between rays. Dorsal and anal short, erect, rounded; caudal broader than long, slightly rounded; pectoral broad, rounded.
Younger specimens down to 30 mm. in length show the predorsal hump and enlarged scales, without granulations. Width of the head only moderate, 1.3-1.5 in its length, compared to 1.0 in the largest specimens, in which width, depth, and length are about equal. The smaller ones have a maximum body depth of around 3.3 as compared with 2.8 in the larger.
Profile of head nearly straight above, the frontal eminence not appearing in specimens of less than 150 mm. Eye in head 4.0-4.8; in snout 1.0; in interorbital 1.8; those of intermediate size flat on the crown.
Caudal peduncle greatly elevated and compressed, equal to the postorbital part of the head; opercle more acutely angular in the young; mouth smaller, two rows of teeth still present and well developed up to the 100-mm. specimens, more or less obsolescent in those of 1830 mm. or larger.
ID. A3=165 AS14215. Pe 19229 C>-27-28) General ground color at all ages a flat yellow, locally silvered, the scales becoming outlined in brown (in alcohol), and the general color darker above increasingly with age.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 363 479. ORESTIAS OLIVACEUS Garman Plate XVIII, fig. 3 Orestias olivaceus Garman, 1895, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XTX, 152; Kigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 42. Lake Umayo 3946 MCZ, 1, 84 mm., cotype, Lake Umayo, E. G. Squier, 1865. My collections from this body of water contain no olivaceus, and Garman’s description is ambiguous on the separation of olivaceus from albus. I experienced much confusion as to the boundaries of the two until Dr. Barbour kindly placed the above specimen at my disposal, when I was pleased to find what a clear-cut species olivaceus is after all. Despite its 76 years in alcohol, it is well preserved. Of all the Orestias species this has the most horizontal dorsal profile, flattened on the crown, depressed slightly at the occiput, the predorsal gently convex, dorsal basis slightly elevated, peduncle a little concave; ventral profile greatly bent upward on the elevated chin and throat, leveling off on the belly, siightly concave from anus to base of caudal. General form short, moderately deep, depth equal to the length of the head, 3.0 in body length; compressed roundly, nowhere more than slightly angular; width at opercle 1.3 in length of head, the latter slightly broader than deep; head pointed and narrowly rounded at the chin. Mouth conspicuously superior, cleft to middle level of the eye; teeth small, a complete, clear-cut series in each jaw; eye rather small, elevated, equal to the short snout, 2.0 in the interorbital, 5.0 in the head. Caudal peduncle short, deep.
Infraorbital area without scales; cheek and opercle fully scaled; pre-pectoral area well-scaled to much below the level of the base of the fin, belly only narrowly naked; no desquamated areas on the back or sides; vertebral series complete with 13; body scales show growth-lines rather well, but roughened along these lines; granulations on scales of forward parts very moderate and rather scattered. Not as harsh to the touch as Garman’s description would be understood to imply. Doe Aca lOc ile Fins short like body dimensions, but dorsal tip nearly reaching caudal base; anal almost as long; caudal peduncle and fin short and deep, fin subtruncate; pectoral broad, short, but reaching more than half way to the anal. Color pale, yellowish-green; tinged with brown on the back, about fin-bases, snout, and thin lips. Few chromatophores anywhere, or at least few remain. 480. OreEsTIAS ALBUS Valenciennes Plate XIX, figs. 2-5 Orestias albus Valenciennes, L’Inst., 1839, VII, 118; Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X VIII, 180, pl. 537; Garman, 1895, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, 153; Pellegrin, 1904, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, X XIX, 94; Starks, 1906, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, 780;
364 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Pellegrin, 1906, Poiss. Lacs Hauts Plat. Amér. Sud, 126, 136, fig. 19iii; Kigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Uniy. Exped. Patagonia, III, 461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 42; Rendahl, 1937, Ark. Zool. Stockholm, 29A11.
Orestias neveut Pellegrin, 1904, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, X XIX, 95; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 461; Evermann and Radcliffe, 1917, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 95, 42. Lake Titicaca and affluents 16081, Puno bay, Lake Titicaca, Allen, November, 1918.
16091, 18, 34-53 mm., Bay of Huancané, Allen, December, 1918. 16120, 1, 76 mm., Rio Caminaque, Allen, December, 1918.
16127, 4, 26-69 mm., Rio de Azdngaro, Allen, January, 1918. One of the species at least locally known as carache, but less numerous according to Garman, and less numerous in my collection than nearby luteus. Called also silgo according to the Indians of Moho, Garman reports. Garman amplifies the original brief description as follows: ‘“‘snout large, wide, and deep... teeth not as numerous nor as strong as those of O. cuvieri,” which makes it doubtful if his specimens were albus. Further on he says: ‘‘the large snout... distinguish it from O. luteus, breadth at the mouth makes the head less pointed,’ just the reverse of what I find in my specimens. I fear that either Garman or myself has interchanged these two species. Here as elsewhere much confusion has been injected into the literature by Valenciennes’ figure and description. In fact, it is doubtful that he, himself, had O. luteus and albus clearly in mind, for he comments that Jussieu’s drawing would fit the one about as well as theother.
Pellegrin separated his neveui from albus largely on the want of naked patches on the back. Since such areas appear occasionally on many species and with constancy in few or none, it is not of diagnostic value. Starks either considered this character important, or was “thinking aloud” about them in describing their variations at some length. His description of O. lutews is such as to make it clear that he had correctly separated the two species, except that he says the mouth is smaller.
In my collections I find four specimens of large size, and several smaller, which conform fairly well to previous concepts of albus, while my material on O. luteus is quite abundant, and from many localities, forming an unbroken series up to the blunt-nosed, 200-mm. specimens from Lake Umayo.
My specimens from the Azingaro, 61-67 mm., correspond very well to Valenciennes’ figure in general form, length of head, shape of opercle, ete., differing in the form of the mouth, in the scalation of the pre-pectoral area and sides of the belly. They have the “clouded blotches” of Garman’s younger specimens. 16120, a little larger, has the head wider, width equal to depth, and 1.3 in the length of the head; mouth narrower.
Rather strongly but evenly arched on the dorsal profile, highest above the pectoral base, depth 1.3 in the length of the head, slightly depressed at the occiput. Shorter, more robust, more rounded than O. luteus of equal size, nowhere as angular,