ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 397 510. CicHLAURUS TEMPORALIS (Giinther) HerostemporalisGiinther,1862,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,IV,287. CichlasomatemporalePellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,218; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,473. Acara crassa Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. Kx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 2, Rio Huallaga. CichlasomacoryphaenoidesHaseman,1911¢,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,342. Amazons to Huallaga and Guiana 511. CIcHLAURUS AUTOCHTHON (Giinther) Heros autochthon Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 299; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 235. Acara (Heros) autochthon Steindachner, 1874, Sitzb. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX X, 502, pl. 1; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 695, R. Maranon. CichlasomaautochthonEigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,473. CichlasomafacetumHaseman,1911e,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,340. La Plata basin, Brazilian coastal streams, Peru Cope appears to doubt the identity of his specimens with those from the coast. While Pellegrin’s H. autochthon material closely resembles C. facetus, he believes that it should be assigned to C. oblongus Castelnau, which also Haseman reduces to C’. facetus on the ground that the folding of the lips is a variable character. Genus 206: MESONAUTA Ginther Mesonauta Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 300; Eigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 498.
Cichlasoma(Mesonauta)Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,473. Astronotus(Mesonauta)EigenmannandEKigenmann,1891,Proc.U.8.Nat.Mus.,XIV,69. Type: Heros insignis = Heros festivus Heckel Peruvian Amazon to Brazilian Amazon and the Guianas, Orinoco, Paraguay Separable most readily by its contours, compressed and increasing in width to the posterior half of the dorsal fin; scales of the lateral line not larger than those adjacent; lower lip with frenum; origin of the dorsal fin behind that of the ventral. 512. Mrsonauta FESTIVUM (Heckel) Heros festivus Heckel, 1840, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 376, R. Guaporé. Acara festiva Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. KKK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX.XI, 98. Astronotus(Mesonauta)festivusEigenmannandHigenmann,1891,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,XIV,69. Mesonauta festivus Eigenmann and Bray, 1894, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 619; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,498.
Cichlasoma festivum Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 69; Higenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 473; Haseman,1911¢e,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,340; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCI, 280, one, 95 mm., Contamana.
398 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA ChromysacaraCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,17,pl.ix,fig.1. Heros(Heros)insignisHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IH,379. Mesonauta insignis Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 300; Pellegrin, 1902, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., VITI, 182. CichlasomainsignePellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,221. Uarus insignis Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXII, 253, Rio Ambyiacu. Brazilian and Peruvian Amazons, Guiana, Paraguay 17778, 10, 69-101 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. Genus 207: ACARICHTHYS Eigenmann AcarichthysEigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,500. Type: Acara heckelii Miller and Troschel British Guiana, Brazilian and Peruvian Amazons A genus of a form intermediate between Mquidens and Geophagus, with a feeble development of the dorsal lobe of the first gill-arch, and its small number of rakers, about two; mouth small and feebly protractile; caudal emarginate, its base scaled; eye posterior on head.
513. ACARICHTHYS HECKELII (Miiller and Troschel) AcaraheckeltiMillerandTroschel,1848,inSchomburgk,Reisen,IIT,624; Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 279. AcarichthysheckeliEigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,500. Geophagus thayeri Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX XI, 48, pl. iii, fig. 2; Pellegrin, 1902, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., VIII, 182, Tabatinga; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 189. Acara subocularis Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 696, Peruvian Amazon. Peruvian Amazon to the Guianas Genus 208: BIOTODOMA Eigenmann and Kennedy Mesops Ginther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 311, preoccupied. Geophagus(Mesops)Steindachner,1875,Sitzb.KKK.Akad.Wiss.Wien,LX.XT,47. Geophagus (part) Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 189. Biotodoma Eigenmann and Kennedy, 1903, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., LV, 533; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,501.
Type: Geophagus cupido Heckel Amazons, Guiana, Rio Guaporé With a downward-projecting lobe on the upper gill-arch, the gill-rakers along its border; upper lateral line well separated from the dorsal fin; lateral line not forked on the caudal fin; preorbital space about equal to the eye in the adult fish.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 399 514. Broropoma cupripo (Heckel) GeophaguscupidoHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,399; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 697, Peruvian Amazon; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 189; Regan, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII, 54; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 479; Haseman,1911e,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,367.
Mesops cupido Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 311. Geophagus(Mesops)cupidoSteindachner,1875,Sitzb.KK.Akad.Wiss.Wien,LX-XI,147; Higenmann and Higenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 70. BiotodomacupidoHigenmannandKennedy,1903,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sei.Phila.,LV,533; Higenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,501; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., XCT, 281, six, 95-108 mm., Contamana. The Amazons to the Essequibo and Guaporé Genus 209: GEOPHAGUS Heckel GeophagusHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,I,383; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 70; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 189; EKigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,478; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,502,andauthorsgenerally. Type: Geophagus altifrons = Sparus surinamensis Bloch, according to EKigenmann ; logotype: Geophagus megasema Heckel, according to Jordan Panama to Argentina Similar to Biotodoma in the downward-projection of a lobe of the upper ramus of the gill-arch, with the rakers at its margin; also in the wide separation of the lateral line from the dorsal fin; unlike in that the lateral line is bifurcated on the caudal fin, and that the snout is longer, the ratio of the preorbital to the eye being about 2:1.
Haseman found Geophagus nesting on the sand in the manner of North American Centrarchids; eggs small and numerous, unlike the latter or mouth-breeders, but young were seen to take shelter in the mouth of the parent, evidently the female. 515. GEOPHAGUS SURINAMENSIS (Bloch) SparussurinamensisBloch,1791,Ausl.Fische.,pl.277,fig.2. GeophagussurinamensisMillerandTroschel,1848,inSchomburgk,Reisen,III,625; Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. Kix. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX. XI, 122; Pellegrin, 1902, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., VIII, 182; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 198, two specimens, R. Ucayal, Castelnau collection; Regan, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII, 55; Higenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,478; Haseman,1911ce,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,362; Higenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,503,pl.Ixvi,fig.3.
400 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Most of the Amazon basin northward 17764, 1, 94 mm., Rio Itaya, Allen, September, 1920. 17765, 2, 76 and 86 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. 17766, 1, 120 mm., Iquitos, Allen, September, 1920. 17767, 1, 102 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922. 516. GEOPHAGUS JURUPARI Heckel GeophagusjurupartHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,II,392; Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., X XTIT, 251, R. Ambyiacu; Steindachner,1875,Sitzb.IkKIx.Akad.Wiss.Wien,LX.X1,120; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 2, three poor specimens, Iquitos,R.Huallaga; Pellegrin, 1899, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., V, 405; Pellegrin, 1903 (1905), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 189, 195; Regan, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), X VII, 56; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 479; Haseman,1911¢e,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,370; Kigenmann, 1912, Mem. Carnegie Mus., V, 504; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 281, twenty-three, 38-173 mm., Contamana.
Peruvian and Brazilian Amazons, Guiana 15990, 10, 42-161 mm., Iquitos, Morris, 1922. 17758,3,127-167mm.,Contamana,Allen,August,1920. 17759,1,118mm.,LagoCashiboya,Allen,August,1920. 17760,1,140mm.,Iquitos,Allen,September,1920. 17761,4,21-105mm.,brook,RioItayva,Allen,September,1920. 17762,1,148mm.,RioMorona,Allen,October,1920. 17763, 8, 95-122 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, August, 1920. 17790, 6, 170-200 mm., Manaos, Allen, December, 1920. Genus 210: APISTOGRAMMA Regan Mesops (in part) Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 311. Heierogramma Regan, 1906, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVII, 63, preoccupied; EKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, II, 478; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,506.
Apistogramma Regan, 1913, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), XII, 282. Type: Heterogramma borellii Regan Amazons, Rio Paraguay First branchial arch with its upper ramus bearing a lobe fringed with feeble rakers; upper lateral line closely approaching the dorsal fin. 517. APISTOGRAMMA AMOENUM (Cope) Geophagus amoenus Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXIII, 250, Rio Ambyiacu. ApistogrammaamoenusRegan,1918,Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.,(8),XIT,283. MesopstaeniatusGiinther,1862,Cat.Fish.Brit.Mus.,IV,312. GeophagustaeniatusCope,1878,Proce.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XVII,697,PeruvianAmazon; Steindachner, 1875, Sitzb. KIx. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LX.XI, 115.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 401 HeterogrammataeniatumRegan,1906,Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.,(7),XVIT,60; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,478; Haseman, 191lle, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VII, 357. BiotodomataeniatumPellegrin,1903(1904),Mém.Soc.Zool.France,XVI,187. Peruvian Amazon to Paraguay 518. APISTOGRAMMA AMBLOPLITOIDES Fowler ApistogrammaambloplitoidesFowler,1939(1940),Proc.Acad.Nat.Sei.Phila.,XCI,281,fig.63. Contamana, Rio Ucayali Two specimens of the Morrow collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, type and paratype, 108 and 105 mm., were described as having a narrow preorbital space, ? the eye diameter; with two rows of large scales on the cheek; fins long and pointed; similar to Cope’s A. amoenum with its 3-4 large scales on the cheek.
Genus 211: CICHLA Bloch and Schneider Cichla Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 336; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 69; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 148; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 469; HRigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,509.
Type: Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider Guianas, Amazons, La Plata “Perciform; lateral line unbroken in the earlier stages, usually interrupted in the adult, and forked at the base of the caudal fin; soft dorsal, caudal, and anal fins scaled at the base; gill-arch normal, the rakers long and heavy; spinous and soft dorsal subequal, separated by a notch; each Jaw with a band of broad, viliform teeth.”
Our material does not indicate that there are more than one species, the variability with age exceeding that between adult specimens. 519. CrcHLA OCELLARIS Bloch and Schneider Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider, 1801, Syst. Ichth., 340, pl. Ixvi; Miiller and Troschel, 1848, in Schomburgk, Reisen, IIT, 625; Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 304; Cope, 1878, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., XVII, 697, Nauta; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 3, Rio Huallaga, one specimen, 220 mm.; Eigenmann and Kigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XTV, 69; Pellegrin, 1902, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., VIII, 182; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 184; Figenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, ITT, 469;
402 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,509; Fowler,1939(1940),Proc.Acad.Nat.Sei.Phila.,XCI,283,three,130-205mm.,Contamana. CichlamultifasciataCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,17,pl.x,fig.2. Cichla bilineatus Nakashima, 1941, Bol. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lima, V, 73. Amazons northward 17728, 1, 280 mm., Peruvian Amazon, Allen, 1920.
17729,3,195-287mm.,Manaos,Allen,December,1920.
17730, 4, 246-280 mm., Contamana, Allen, August, 1920.
17731, 3, 228-343 mm., Yarinacocha, Allen, September, 1920. 17732, 2, 205 and 210 mm., locality record lost, Allen, 1920. Fie.47.ThefishingandmerchantfleetatPara,ontheRiodePara,oneofthemouthsoftheAmazon. Eigenmann, in the 1912 Guiana report, names Cichla ocellaris as the best food-fish of that country. After much experimentation I believe that this holds also for the upper Amazon. This opinion is not concurred in by the people born there, however. While the flesh is firmer and sweeter than that of most Amazonian fishes, and the bright colors and game qualities have an appeal of their own, the inhabitants Judge a fish by other criteria. They have acquired a taste for fishes most easily obtained. Among our sportsmen, on the contrary, their liking is inversely proportional to the ease of catching.
Our specimens were mostly taken from the clearer waters of the oxbow lakes and bayoux. They prefer to lurk in the shade of overhanging banks, or among the brush and trees fallen into the water. This makes them difficult to collect with ordinary gear, such as I had. Most of them were taken by borrowing the light
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 403 javelin, or gig, used by the inhabitants. This consisted of a two-tined iron head and a handle of cava brava, whose flower-stalk reaches a length of ten feet or more, and is extremely light in weight.
Known in oriental Peru as the tucunarv. 520. CICHLA TEMENSIS Humboldt CichlatemensisHumboldt,1833,Ree.d’Obs.Zool.Anat.,IT,169; Heckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,413; Ginther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 304; Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 3, pl. i, fig. 3 (juv.), RioHuallaga; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 69; Eigenmann and Bray, 1894, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei., VII, 611; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 149; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 469. CichlaconibosCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,18,pl.x,fig.3; Ginther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 305. Rios Orinoco and Amazons Genus 212: BATRACHOPS Heckel Batrachops(nonBibron)Heckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,432; Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 306; Regan,1905,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,156; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 477; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,512. Crenicichla Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 69. Type: Batrachops reticulatus Heckel Upper Amazons and British Guiana Crenicichlalike, but differing in the fact that the inner teeth are not depressible.
521. BATRACHOPS CYANONOTUS (Cope) CrenicichlacyanonotusCope,1870(1871),Proc.Amer.Phil.Soe.,XT,569; Eigenmann and Higenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 5. Nat. Mus., XTV, 70; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 378. BatrachopscyanonotusRegan,1905,Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.,(7),XV,156; Eigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,IIT,477. Lower Maranon One specimen collected by John Hauxwell at Pebas. 522. BaTRACHOPS NEMOPTERUS Fowler BatrachopsnemopterusFowler,1939(1940),Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,XCI,283,fig.64.
404 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA Bajo Ucayali Three specimens, type and paratypes, 129-185 mm., Contamana, Morrow collection; characterized by the deep body, large scales, and the prolonged soft dorsal and anal fins.
523. BATRACHOPS RETICULATUS Heckel BatrachopsreticulatusHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,II,433,Guiana; Regan,1905,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,155; Bigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 477. Crenicichla reticulata Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 309; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 70. Crenicichla elegans Steindachner, 1882 (1883), Denksch. KK. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLIV, 15, ““Hoch Peru’:
Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 378, “‘Haut-Perou.” Amazons and the Guianas Genus 213: CRENICICHLA Heckel CrenicichlaHeckel,1840,Ann.WienerMus.,IT,416; Kigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 69; Regan, 1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (7), XVI, 158; HKigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 477; ‘igenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,513.
Type: Crenicichla vittata Heckel Guianas to Rio de la Plata Maximum extension of the mandible among the cichlids; preopercle serrate; inner series of teeth depressible; scales of lateral line larger than those adjacent; body form elongate.
524. CRENICICHLA SAXATILIS (Linnaeus) SciaenaLinnaeus,1754,Mus.AdolphiFred.,65,pl.xxxi,fig.1. Sparus Gronow, 1756, Mus. Ichth., I, 29, pl. vi, fig. 3. SparussaxatilisLinnaeus,1758,Syst.Nat.,ed.x,279. SparusrufescensGronow,1763,Zoophyl.,67,pl.vi.,fig.3. Perca saxatilis Bloch, 1792, Ausl. Fische, VI, 79, pl. 309. CichlalabrinaAgassiz,1829,Sel.Gen.etSpec.Pisce.Bras.,99,pl.Ixii,fig.1. Crenicichla saxatilis Heckel, 1840, Ann. Wiener Mus., II, 432; Giinther, 1862, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 308; Boulenger,1887,Proc.Zool.Soe.London,275,Canelos; Eigenmann and Bray, 1894, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., VII, 620; Pellegrin, 1903 (1904), Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XVI, 373; Regan, 1905, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 159; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 477; Haseman,1911e,Ann.CarnegieMus.,VII,350; Eigenmann,1912,Mem.CarnegieMus.,V,513.