ICHTHYOLOGICAL GAZETTEER 77 Coecama Indians; during rainy season known to have channels in communication with the lower Huallaga.* PACHACHACA: near Huancayo.** PacuiTEA, Rio: moderately small river, navigable to small steam craft; formed by the union of the Pichis and the Paleazu; its junction with Alto Ucayali gives rise to the Bajo Ucayali.* Parpay, Rio: a small, deeply entrenched stream, Dept. Cajamarca, flowing down eastern slope of Western Cordillera into the Rio Crisnejas near its junction with the upper Maranon; elevation about 4000 feet. (Pearson 1937a, pl. xi, fi gems) saa Pauca: village on Via Central below Tarma; Rio de Tarma unites with Rio de Palea, and the latter with the Tulumayo to form the Chanchomayo.** * Pautcazu, Rio: swift, boulder-strewn, clear stream becoming deeper in lower course, and uniting with the Pichis to form the Pachitea.* PAMPA DITCHES on Camino Real along the western shores of Lake Titicaca; sluggish streams and marshy areas with much plant, water snails, Dytiscid beetles, and Orestias agassizii; pampa de Acora and pampa de Ilave, elevation 12600— 12800.* Pampayacu, Hacienda de: mouth of Rio Chinchao.* ParRANAPURA, Rio: small river skirting the foothills northwest of Yurimaguas, entering the Huallaga just below that city; well-populated district; canoe navigation; numerous sand bars. (Mozans: Andes and Amazons.)* Pasraza, Rro: largest northern tributary of the Peruvian Amazon above Iquitos.* PazNa, village and river: the latter a small, winding stream on the pampa of Lake Poop6; arises on the western slope of the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia, entering the lake on the East; above 12000 feet.* Presas (Prvas): village, monastery on left bank of Amazon 100 km. below Iquitos, at the junction of Rio Ambyiacu. The best-collected small area within the scope of this report. (Orton, Cope, etc.)
PrRENE, Rio: formed near San Luis de Shuaro and La Peruvian by the union of the Chanchomayo and the Paucartambo; elevation 2000 feet.* Peri: elevation 800 meters; near Huaraz; location and drainage unknown. (Regan, 1912.)
Picuts, Rro: small river with many sand bars, navigable to canoe, and intermittently to small steam launches; arising in the Cadena de la Sal, flowing northward to the Pachitea; the terminus of the Via Central, or Pichis Trail.* Prepra Bianca: chacara and ford on lower Rio Chinchao.* Pocnocuacra: village on the Rio de Oroya, near Oroya, Dept. Junin, elevation 14796 feet.
PocospamBa, Laco: near Cerro de Pasco, elevation 13700 feet; collections made by Miss Adele Eigenmann and Mr. Emerson.** Pomara, city and bay: southwestern corner Lake Titicaca; bay shallow with much pondweed, a shelter for much fish and bird life.* Ponco DE MANSERICHE: rapid and water-gap of the Peruvian Amazon,
78 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA where it penetrates the foothills of the Andes of northern Peru; formerly regarded as impassible, but I was reliably informed of five successful passages made by steam launch in favorable stages. Rather numerous rafts have traveled through the pongo downstream. Pearson has shown, and Festa before him, that it is not so formidable a barrier to fishes. (Pearson, 1937a; Boulenger, 1898—99.)* Poopo: village, river, lake of the Bolivian highlands. The village a tinmining center with ancient Spanish smelter. The river arising on the western slopes of the Eastern Cordillera and entering the lake from the East; deeply entrenched in a region of greatly displaced sedimentaries, hot springs, and the like. Lake Poopé (Aullagas), elevation 12200 feet, the outlet of the Titicaca basin through the Rio Desaguadero; very shallow, 25 by 50 miles in extent, overflowing into salars, or salt plains in the rainy season; water brackish.* Poroy: village of the upper Rio Urubamba.** Poraur, Rio pe: small tributary of the Rio de Pucard at Tirapata, upper Titicaca basin.* Porventr, Tampo: fourth shelter house government-sponsored, on the Via Central, in a saddle of the Cadena de la Sal; tropical belt.* Poros: Bolivian mining town just outside the Poopé basin and over the divide of the Eastern Cordillera on the Atlantic side; famous silver mountain of colonial times; former market for the scanty fisheries products of the Bolivian highlands.* Pucara: village near 13000 feet elevation in the upper Titicaca basin. Rio de Pucard, a small stream rising at La Raya and entering Lake Titicaca at the north through the lower Ramiz; numerous riffles, holes, and clay barrancas; considerable local fishing industry.* Puerto Acosta, Bolivia: village, lake port on eastern shore of Lake Titicaca, at the foot of the Sorata range.* Puerto BerRMuDEZ: military post, wireless telegraph station, tambo, and terminus of the Via Central with its accompanying telephone line; at the junction of the Chivis with the Pichis river; 205 km. from La Merced (128 mi.).* Puerto MELENDEZ: military outpost left bank Peruvian Amazon at the foot of the Pongo de Manseriche.* Puerto YessuP: eighth fambo, and one of the two termini of the Via Central on the banks of the Rio Pichis, the head of canoe navigation.* Purnaacua: lateral channel of the Rio Ucayali on the left, near Sarayacu, reentering far below, forming an island claimed to be the largest in Amazonia except Maraj6. One of the mouths of the Pacaya enters the Puinagua. (Puinahua.)* Puno: city, bay, department; the city on the bay, an arm of Lake Titicaca; at 12500 feet above sea level, 494 km. from Mollendo on the Pacific coast (306 miles). Principal market for lake fisheries. The bay, some 12 miles by 18, is relatively shallow, with quite shallow, rushy borders, sheltering many Orestias and much bird life.* Puautura: 9500 feet elevation, near Nusta Espana on the Rio Vileabamba, which is tributary to the Urubamba about ten miles above Santa Ana. Pusoc: on the upper Maranon above Balsas, 3700 feet in altitude. (Pearson, LOS Tay plese 2s) eae
ICHTHYOLOGICAL GAZETTEER 79 Rrmac, Rro: its sources in the glacial streams of the Western Cordillera, central Peru, descending 15000-16000 feet in little more than 100 miles to the Pacific at Callao; its principal tributaries of like origin, the Rios Blanco and Santa Eulalia. Our stations were Rio Blanco, Matucana, Chosica, Lima and Callao.* ** Rozmatv, in ‘‘Upper Peru’? (may mean something like Rosmayo or Rosmayu, the suffix meaning river in Quichua) probably in our area—two specimens in British Museum collected by Rosenberg. (Regan, 1904.)
Sananao, Lao: large cutoff lake near the Huallaga and connected with it by a narrow channel, above Yurimaguas; clear, weedy, productive of fish.* San Juan, Hpa.: the cocal, coca plantation, and fabrica, manufactory, of Dr. Augusto Durand, proprietor of the Prensa of Lima, at near 4000 feet elevation on the wide shoulder of the eastern slope of the Central Cordillera, overlooking the gorge of the Huallaga, below Husnuco.* San Mrauegt: estate or village of the upper Urubamba.* San Nicouas, Tampo: the fifth on the Via Central.* San Ramon: village at the confluence of Rio Palea with the Tulumayo, forming the Chanchomayo.** * Santa Ana: village on the middle Urubamba, the hacienda of Sr. Carlos Duque; elevations of about 3000-3400 feet; Rio de Santa Ana, a creek entering the Urubamba there; the farthest point reached by the Eigenmanns on_ the Urubamba.** Sanra Lucia: village on Southern railway and Rio de Lampa, Dept. Puno; mining and grazing district; above 13000 feet.* Sanra Rosa: small tributary of the middle Urubamba above Santa Ana.** SaracocHa: lower and smaller of the lakes forming the head of Rio de Lampa, 14000 feet, on Southern railway.* Sarayacu: village on the left bank of the Bajo Ucayali, 80 km. (50 miles) below Contamana. A second Sarayacu on Rio Bombanasa, a tributary of the Pastaza, in eastern Ecuador. (Boulenger, 1887.)
SAYLLA: in the Cuzco valley.** SHanust, Rio: small, turbulent stream entering the Huallaga just above Yurimaguas.* SMELTER: former location of the Cerro de Pasco smelter near that city, when coal was employed for smelting.
SumBay: station of the Southern railway, elevation 13000 feet; deep canyon of Rio Chili in voleanic rock, rapid stream found to be without life.* *** TABATINGA: frontier station and village on left bank of Amazon at Peruvian- Brazilian border. Upward limit of collections by Bourget of the Thayer expedition.
TAMBILLO: presumably an estate near Rio Tulumayo (q.v.) TarMA: city, provincial capital, and river, eastern slope of central Peruvian Andes, on the Via Central, elevation S000 feet; sources of Rio de Tarma high meadows at near 14000 feet; deeply entrenched in a gorge; the Tarma water supply tributary springs.*** #* * Tranuanaco (Tiaguanacu): village on stream of same name on the Bolivian
80 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA pampa bordering Lake Titicaca at the south; the river entering the Lake at Guaqui. Ruins.* Tiare, Rro: small, navigable river rising in Ecuador, entering the Peruvian Amazon from the northwest, near Nauta.* TrLarnioc: station on the Cerro de Pasco railway; a small stream tributary to the upper R. Mantaro.** * Trnco, Rio: a small river also called Hiaurros (Herndon) entering the Huallaga from the northwest; many channels and braided type of stream in dry season; a rocky torrent in the wet season; trail follows river up to village of Higueros and to Hudnuco Viejo.* TrinGo DE Pauca: junction of Rio Crisnejas (q.v.) with the upper Marafon, elevation about 3800 feet. (Pearson, 1937a.)*** Tinta: village of upper Urubamba or Vilcanota, below Sicuani, 11400 feet elevation (Cope, Orton.)
Trrapata: village on Southern railway, Cuzco division, and on the Rio de Pucara.* Titicaca, LAK®: highest large lake and largest high lake of the world; area 2050 square miles; depths down to 600 feet or more; maximum length 120 miles; maximum width 40 miles; elevation 12500 feet; traversed by Peruvian-Bolivian boundary; its northern body the larger, known as Lago Chucuito, nearly constricted off from the southern portion, Lago Uinamarca, at the straits of Tiquina. Navigated by the J/nca direct between railway termini at Puno, Peru, and Guaqui, Bolivia; two smaller coastwise trading steamers; another added recently.* Torontoy: village of upper Rio Urubamba, elevation 8000 feet.** Torora, Rro pr: enters Rio Huambo (q.v.) near village of Omia, province of Chachapoyas, Dept. Amazonas; also village of same name. (Steindachner.) Tucru: near Morococha, Dept. Junin; 14400 feet elevation; explored by Miss Haywood and Mr. A. 8. Kalenborn.** Tutumayo, Rio: small, precipitous mountain river joining with Rio Palca to form the Chanchomayo at San Ramon.
Tuptsuka, Lago: west of Rio Ucayali, opposite Contamana, of contours similar to the river; waters in circulation, high, turbid.* Tust creek: near Pocabamba (q.v.)** Ucayaul, Rio: greatest all-Peruvian river, and greatest Peruvian affluent of the Amazon, of the order of the Ohio or the Missouri; receiving most of the drainage of the central and southern sections of Peru, entering the Amazon at Nauta; navigable many hundred miles to good-sized launches of moderate draught; flat, meandering, turbid; within tropical lowlands.* Uinamarca, Lacuna: See Titicaca and Guaqui.* Umayo (Humayo), Laco: lake five leagues from Puno, northwest, four miles in length, near 13000 feet elevation; sites of the ruins Silustani and Atuncolla.* Urcos, Laco: near 13000 feet, near Rio Vilcanota and south of Cuzco; the lake which, by legend, contains the mammoth chain of gold.** UruBamBa, Rio: important northward-flowing stream of southern Peru, beginning as the Vilecanota and entering the Ucayali. Also known as the Santa
ICHTHYOLOGICAL GAZETTEER sl Ana. Extremely precipitous, with magnificent gorges, especially noteworthy at Macchu Picchu and at the Pongo de Mainique; the latter the most formidable barrier, the gateway to the lowlands, with cliffs almost sheer, 2000 feet in height. Pueblo Urubamba, on the upper river above Ollantaytambo. (Bowman.)** Urunuasti: below Macusani; Rio San Gabian, tributary of R. Inambari- Madre de Dios; another on the Apurimac 24 leagues from Cuzco. Uyunt: Bolivian city at southern extremity of Titicaca-Poopé basin; railway center and headquarters for collecting trips in southern Bolivia and Chile; above 12000 feet; Salar de Uyuni, saline plain.* VerpDE, Laco: small lake at La Raya and headwaters of the Vilcanota.* Via CENTRAL: (Pichis trail); road and trail from Oroya to the head of canoe navigation on the Rio Pichis; traversing the Cadena de la Sal, elevation 6000 feet, through tropical and subtropical zones, 205 km. (128 miles) from La Merced to Puerto Bermudez; 9-12 days by mule; with numerous shelter houses conveniently spaced in an area otherwise total wilderness except at the beginning.* Vitcanota, Rio: river arising at La Raya, descending rapidly to form the Urubamba; cordillera of same name skirting it on eastern side; Nudo de Vileanota bridging the eastern and western ranges at La Raya.** VILQUE Cuico: village at head of bay of Huancané, at northern end of Lake Titicaca; many shallow areas and weedy shore-line.* XEBEROS: colonial and modern village in the delta country between the lower Huallaga and the Alto Maranon; described as an El Dorado, land of contentment and plenty, and out of lines of travel.
YAHUARMAQUI (YAHUARMAYO?): farm, province of Convencién, Dist. Vilcabamba, Dept. Cuzco; tropical.
YAHUARMAYO, Rio: small tributary of the Rio Inambari, province Carabaya, Dept. Puno; entering from the right, flowing westward, north of Macusani. YANAHUANA ? or YANAHUANCA ? (doubtfully identical): village, and river, arising in western cordillera, near Goyllarisquisga, and flowing northeastward to the Huallaga at Ambo; elevations 7000-10000 feet.
YANAMATE, LAGO: small lake near Cerro de Pasco.
Yapaz (LuApPAz): first tambo, or shelter house, on Via Central.* YARINACOCHA (LLARINACOCHA): a cutoff lake, rather shallow and clear, entered from right bank of Rio Pacaya by a long, narrow channel.* Yunauyo: village and bay, on Lake Titicaca at the narrow isthmus forming the base of the Peninsula of Copacabana; mole built out into shallow, weed-grown bay; shipping point for sheep and alpaca wools.* YurimMaAGcuas: head of navigation on Rio Huallaga; town, provincial capital, cotton port; elevation 570 feet; eastern terminus of trails from Pacasmayo and Cajamarca over the mountains; between the mouths of Rios Shanusi and Paranapura.* ZiGzAG: a switchback on the Cerro de Pasco railway, used to follow up a small tributary canyon of the Rio Mantaro in reaching the Pampa de Junin.*
Fie.14 ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES With some exceptions the following pages do not present full bibliographies or full synonymies of the genera and species. Reference is made, however, to the papers under the following categories: 1. original descriptions of the genera and species 2. principal changes in name 3. the more comprehensive works and monographs 4. those especially pertinent to the area. The accession numbers used here are those of the Indiana University Museum, and retained by the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences, the institution to which the Jordan and Eigenmann collections were sold in 1929. Their removal from Bloomington to Golden Gate Park constitutes not only an epoch in ichthyological history, but a most noteworthy accomplishment in the technique of handling and transporting a large collection. Subclass: SE L_A CHIT Order: BATOIDEI Family I: Dasyatidae Subfamily: POTAMOTRYGONINAE Pelvis bearing a blade-like, median, forward-projecting cartilage. Genus 1: POTAMOTRYGON Garman Taeniura Miller and Henle, 1837, Bericht. Ix. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 117. Potamotrygon Garman, 1877, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 210. 82
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE SPECIES 83 Type: Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin The fresh waters of South America Mouth papillose, teeth in more than twenty-five rows, tail spiny, length of spines irregular, one or more long.
1. PorAMOTRYGON HysTRIx (Miiller and Troschel) Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin, 1829, Amer. Sci. Nat., X VI, 104, pl. iu; Duméril,1865,Hist.Nat.Poiss.,I,625.
TrygonhystrixMiillerandHenle,1841,Syst.Beschr.Plagiostomen,167; Valenciennes, in D’Orbigny, 1847, Voy. Amer. Merid., V, 11, 11, pl. xv, La Plata to the Amazon; Castelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,103; Giinther, 1870, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., VIII, 482.
PotamotrygonhumboldtiiGarman,1877,Proc.BostonSoc.Nat.Hist.,210; Zigenmann,1910,Rept.PrincetonUniv.Exped.Patagonia,III,378. PotamotrygonhystrixEigenmannandKennedy,1903,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci.Phila.,498; Fowler, 1939 (1940), Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XCI, 221, Contamana. TrygonmiilleriCastelnau,1855,Anim.Amér.Sud,Poiss.,102,pl.xlvii,fig.2. Guianas to La Plata and Rio de Janeiro 16137, 2, 108 and 232 mm., Rio Ucayali, near Orellana, Allen, August, 1920. 16138,2,123and240mm.,creek,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 16139,3,about180mm.,Yarinacocha,Allen,August,1920.
The three specimens numbered 16139 were given birth when the mother was taken by seine. Yolk sacs were still attached, but nearly used up. Two males and a female.
The only selachian species collected, it represents the sole species of its class (which is almost completely marine) at this remote distance from the sea, and one of a considerable number of fishes owing their origin to the salt water era in the history of the Amazon.
Order NEMATOGNATHI, the Cattfishes Fishes without scales, naked or with bony plates; first four vertebrae united to form Weberian apparatus; subopercle lacking; maxillary reduced to mere basis for barbel; teeth in villiform bands; dorsal fin usually present and above or before ventrals; adipose fin usually present, variable; air bladder present, large, united to Weberian ossicles; first dorsal and pectoral fins usually extremely developed. These fishes find their greatest numbers of species and individuals in the freshwaters of South America; there as elsewhere they are noteworthy for extreme tenacity oflife.
Family II: Aspredinidae Nematognath fishes having vestigial opercle; body expanded forward to form distinct trunk and tail regions, much depressed; neural spines of the coalesced vertebrae forming a ridge from the occipital region to the dorsal fin; caudal verte-
84 FISHES OF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA brae greatly compressed, their neural spines freely expanded; gill opening a mere slit; air bladder well developed; adipose fin lacking; nares distal; dorsal fin very short; pectoral strongly spined.
Subfamily: BUNOCEPHALINAE Differing from the Aspredininae in the short tail, with the anus equidistant from snout and end of caudal, anal rays not exceeding eleven in number. Genus 2: BUNOCEPHALUS Kner Bunocephalus Wner (part), 1855, Sitab. KIX. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XVII, 95; Bleeker,1863,Nederl.Tijdsch.Dierk.,I,118,verrucosus; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 14; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 379. Type: Platystacus verrucosus Bloch Peruvian Amazon to Surinam Aspredinids having short tails, well-developed dorsals, head depressed and without knobs, six barbels. Bony protuberances upon dorsal surface; pectorals with serrations both anterior and posterior.
2. BUNOCEPHALUS BICOLOR Steindachner BunocephalusbicolorSteindachner,1882(1883),Denksch.KK.Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLVI, 8, pl. ii, figs. 1-1b, Rio Huallaga, 1 specimen, 100 mm; Kigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sei., I, 17; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, III, 380. The Amazons 15411and15840,several,about99mm.,creek,Yurimaguas,Allen,November,1920. 3. BUNOCEPHALUS KNERII Steindachner BunocephaluskneriiSteindachner,1882(1883),Denksch.KK.Akad. Wiss. Wien., XLVI, 9, pl. ix, figs. 2-2b; Boulenger,1887,Proc.Zool.Soc.London,278,Canelos; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), I, 48; KigenmannandEKigenmann,1890,Occ.PapersCal.Acad.Sci.,I,19; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 380. Rio Huallaga and Canelos to Cudajas 4. BUNOCEPHALUS ALEUROPSIS Cope BunocephalusaleuropsisCope,1870,Proc.Amer.Phil.Soc.,XI,568,Pebas; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890, Occ. Papers Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 19; Eigenmann, 1910, Rept. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, IIT, 380. Known only from the types taken at Pebas, and in the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.