2, PTEROPUS. 69 Pteropus pyrrocephalus, Meyen, Nov. Act. Soc. Ces. Leop.-Car. Nat. Cur. xvi. p. 604.
Acerodon cabatne Jourdan, F. Cuvier, Ann. des Sci. Nat. viii. p. 876. Ears shorter than in Pt. medius, triangular in upper third, extremities narrowly rounded off or subacute; upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch flattened.
Interfemoral nearly 1 inch wide in the centre, not concealed by the fur ; wings less than 1 inch apart at their origin from the sides of the back, but the fur, though very short, occupies a space nearly 3 inches wide in this position; legs naked, or with a few scattered hairs only.
Face dark brown or black; on the crown of the head varying from pale golden yellow to bright silvery greyish with a yellowish tinge passing into the reddish yellow of the neck; in adult males the red collar extends round the under surface of the neck, in females it ends on the sides of the neck, or there is a slight tinge only of red in the dark fur of the throat and neck beneath; back dark reddish brown, the extremities of the hairs slightly grizzled, especially posteriorly; breast and abdomen deep reddish brown, intermixed with greyish hairs.
Upper incisors conical; the central incisors close together, and separated from the outer incisors on each side by a small space; first upper premolar closer to the canine than to the second premolar in the young, deciduous in adults; third upper premolar and first molar with prominent antero-internal basa Jousps (Plate IV. fig. 6); last upper molar about one third the size of the antepenultimate molar; outer lower incisors more than double the size of the inner incisors, which are bifid; first lower premolar about the size of the last molar, in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar.
Length, head and body 10", head 3'°3, ear 1'-25, eye to tip of nostril 1:2, forearm 72, thumb 3/2, third finger 14'"5, fifth finger 9''2, tibia 3’:3, foot 2'-1, caleaneum 1”, interfemoral membrane in the centre 07.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
This species probably occupies the next place to Pt. edulis in point of size. From Pé. edulis, and from other species externally similar, it is at once distinguished by its very peculiar teeth, which are better developed than in any other species of the genus; the third upper premolar and the first molar have distinct anterointernal cusps, the presence of which led M. Jourdan to constitute it the type of a genus Acerodon. Antero-internal cusps also occur in the corresponding teeth of Pt. keraudrenii, Pt. macklotiw, and Pt. molossinus (see description of teeth of these species); but none of these species approach Pt. jubatus in size, and in none is this anterointernal cusp so much developed.
The following are the measurements of a skull of an adult male of this species in the collection, and also those of skulls of the types of Pt. macklotit, Temminck, and Pt. celebensis, Peters, in the collection of the Leyden Museum :—
70 PTEROPODIDE.
. Pt, mack- | Pt. cele- Pe. jubatus.| ~ “7o4i3, Banats Extreme length from occipital crest to end Of nasal bones ..........ceeesseseen even eeees 3-2 2-6 ies Breadth across zygomatic arches ......... 18 1:45 13 Length from supraorbital foramen to extremity of nasals ....6......:scceeeeeeeee ee 1:55 1:25 11 From infraorbital foramen to extremity Ole masallsc neces .ccas ws de ean seemaseannae soe 1:05 0°85 07 Space occupied by last four upper molars} 0°95 06 0°55 Space occupied by last four lower molars 11 0°75 0°65 a,b. 3 imm., al. Luzon. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.]. e,d. 2 ad., al. Luzon. Dr. A. B, Meyer [C.]. e. @ ad, al. Dinagut Island. Mr. Everett [C.]. f-h. 3, Q,and sk. in al. Mindanao. Purchased. z% od ad, sk. Mindanao. Dr. Steere [C.].
J Q ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C.]. k. © ad. sk. Haslar Coll.
1. skull of e.
m. skull of h.
3. CYNONYCTERIS.
? Eleutherura *, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 29 (1844). Cynonycteris, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Séiugeth. p. 25 (1852) ; id. MB, Akad. Berl. 1867, p.865; Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1878, p. 202; td. Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. ie 29 (1876). Xantharpyia et Eleutherura, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 64; Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, pp. 115, 116 (1870). Muzzle long and conical; nostrils projecting by their inner margins ; upper lip with a wide groove in front, with sloping, not elevated, margins t ; index finger with.a distinct claw ; metacarpal bone of the middle finger as long as or longer than the index finger ; wings from the sides of the hairy back and from the base of the second toe; tail short, distinct, partially included in the narrow interfemoral membrane.
Dentition. Inc. 4, C. is pm. — ; — Skull and teeth very similar to those of Pteropus, but the sagittal crest is less developed, the postorbital processes are much shorter, and the cranio-facial axis is nearly horizontal ; the first upper premolar and the last upper and lower molars are comparatively much larger.
The very close affinity of this genus with Cynopterus is shown in the occurrence of a transitional form, Cynonycteris grandidiert, Peters, from Africa, which has the external form of Cynopterus, * T reject this name in favour of Cynonycteris, subsequently proposed by Dr. Peters, because, although Pteropus hottenttotus (= Cynenyeteris collaris, Mlig.) is named by Dr. Gray as the type of his genus, nevertheless the short definition of Eleutherura is altogether incorrect, and may have been founded on a specimen of a species very different from C. collaris, and belonging to a different genus. + Except in C. grandidieri.
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 71 short muzzle and similar upper lip, and the dentition of Cynonycteris ; but the last molar in the upper and last two molars in the lower jaw are quite rudimentary, and scarcely perceptible without removing the gum. It is therefore very questionable whether Cynonycteris can be considered more than a subgenus of Cynopterus. Range. From Africa and Madagascar, through Southern Asia Minor (Palestine, coasts of the Persian Gulf), India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, and the islands of the Malay Archipelago as far eastwards as New Ireland.
Unlike the arboreal habits of the species of the closely allied genus Pteropus, some of the species of this genus are occasionally found inhabiting caves; a colony of C. amplewicaudata was discovered by Mr. W. T. Blanford in the Nimakdun salt-caves in Kishm Island, and C. egyptiaca was found in a cave in the Wady Kern, Central Palestine, by Canon Tristram, and, according to Geoffroy and Temminck, inhabits the chambers of the Great Pyramid and other deserted buildings in Egypt. It is probable, however, that these species inhabit caves and trees indifferently as they find them convenient ; and I believe that individuals that have lived in caves may be distinguished at once by their short fur from those habitually dwelling in trees.
Synopsis of the Species.
I. Upper lip with a wide groove in front, with sloping, not elevated margins ; molars well developed.
A. Wings from the sides of the back. a. Neck (in ¢) with some long coarse hairs beneath scarcely forming a collar. b. First upper premolar persistent ; ears longer than the muzzle.
b'. The first upper premolar in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar ; muzzle long.
bY. Thumh longer than the tibia .. 4. C. egyptiaca, p. 74. ec". Thumb shorter than the tibia. ce", Legs nearly naked ; forearm [p. 72. SUBD ac iedee cee at emenes 1. C. amplexicaudata, d'", Legs hairy ; forearm 3'"8.... 5. C. collaris, p. 75. c'. The first upper premolar closely wedged in between the canine and second premolar; muzzle short.
d", Thumb shorter than the tibia. é. Legs naked ; forearm 2""8,... 2. C. minor, p. 73. c. First upper premolar deciduous; ear : not exceeding the muzzle in length.. 3. C. brachyotis, p. 74. b. Neck (in ¢) with a broad collar in front, terminating by an abrupt well-defined margin. paar e'. Thumb equal to the tibia in length ; forearm 2'"3 ......-- 6. C. torquata, p. 76. B. Wings from the back near the spine. a. Muzzle long and narrow, fur occupying a narrow space across the loins.
72 PTEROPODIDZ.
a’. Fur bright yellowish on the sides of the back and on the extremities.. 7. C. straminea, p. 77. b'. Fur pale greyish brown.........- 8. C. dupreana, p. 78. II. Upper lip with a narrow groove in front, with elevated rounded margins, as in Pteropus and Cynopterus.
a. Muzzle short; molars small, scarcely ae raised above the level of the gum .. 9. C. grandidieri, p. 79. 1. Cynonycteris amplexicaudata.
Pteropus amplexicaudatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 96 (1810) ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 200 (1827).
Pteropus leschenaultii, Desmar. Mammal. p. 110 (1821); Blyth, Catal. Mammal. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 21 (1863). Pteropus pyrivorus, Hodgson, Journ. Astat. Soc. Beng. 1835, p. 700. Pteropus seminudus, Kelaart, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Beny. 1862, p. 346. Cynonycteris amplexicaudata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 865; Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p.154; Jown. Asrat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 202, pl. xiv. fig. 8 (ear); Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 29 (1876). Eleutherura marginata, infumata, philippinensis, Gray, Catal, Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, pp. 118, 119 (1870).
Cynonycteris infuscata, Peters, J. c. 1873, p. 487. Head long, triangular; upper lip with a wide groove directly continuous with the emargination between the nostrils, the edges of the grooves smooth, not thickened as in Pteropus and Cynopterus ; ears moderate, triangular, rounded at the tip, the upper half of the outer margin straight, the lower half convex.
Posteriorly the ears are naked, except at their bases, anteriorly the conch is clothed with a few very short fine hairs. The fur of the body extends upon the humerus and upon the fleshy part of the forearm, the remaining part to the carpus has only a few very fine hairs. The portion of the back and wing-membrane covered with fur across the loins is not more than an inch in breadth. The interfemoral membrane is densely covered with hair at the root of the tail, and on either side as far as lines drawn from the knee-joints to the base of the free portion of the tail; the remaining portion, the legs, and a considerable part of the wing-membrane beyond are clothed with short thinly spread fur, which extends along the wingmembrane and legs to the back of the feet. Beneath, the antehumeral membrane is clothed with rather long, thinly spread fur, and the wing-membrane is similarly covered as far as a line drawn from the knee to a point about half an inch posterior to the elbow, whence the fur extends outwards posterior to the forearm to the carpus. The interfemoral membrane, the legs, and the feet are covered with a few very short hairs. Fur short, varying in colour from dark olive or smoky brown to reddish or yellowish brown. First upper premolars minute, equally distant from the canine and second premolar; second premolar exceeding lower canine in vertical extent; first lower premolar small, less than half the size of the second premolar; second premolar nearly equal to lower canine in vertical extent.
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 73 (For measurements, see p. 79.)
Hab. From the Persian Gulf to the Philippine Islands ; Bengal, Southern India, Ceylon, Burma, Celebes, Amboyna, Timor, Aru Islands.
The habits of this species are thus noticed by Mr. B. H. Hodgson :—‘ The Pteropt never appear in the central hilly region of Nipal save in the autumn, when they come in large bodies to plunder the ripe fruit in the gardens. The lesser species is a perfect pest from the havoc it makes among the ripe pears. Hence I have called it pyrivorus. These animals are never seen in Central Nipal save at midnight, at which time they come to feed, and necessarily from a very considerable distance. In the plains it is noted of them that they will travel 30 or 40 miles, and as many back, in the course of a single night, in order to procure food.” a. 2 ad. sk. India. Captain Boys [C.]. (Eleutherura margmata, Gray.)
b,¢e. fd ad, al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. (Type of Pteropus pyrivorus, Hodgson.) d. fo sk. Himalayas.
(Type of Cynopterus affinis, Gray.) ej. sks. Leyden Museum.
k. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.]. (Type of Pteropus seminudus, Kelaart.) 1, fo ad., al. Ceylon. Purchased.
m. ad. sk. Lao Mountains. Mr. Mouhot [C.}. nm. @ ad. sk, Sumatra. Mr. Turner [C.]. o fo ad. sk. Philippine Islands.
(Type of Eleutherura philippinensis, Gray.) p. @ ad, al. Philippine Islands. Zoolog. Soc. Coll. g. 3 ad. sk, Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. (Type of Eleutherura infumata, Gray.) r. 2 imm. sk. Timor, Purchased.
8. 2 ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
t, skull. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.]. uw. skull of a.
2. Cynonycteris minor.
Cynonycteris minor, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1873, p. 203, pl. xiv. fig. 9; Monogr. Astat. Chiropt. p. 82, fig. (ear). Ears smaller and proportionally narrower than in C. amplewicaudata, muzzle shorter.
The minute first upper premolar is closely wedged in between the canine and second premolar ; in C. ampleaicaudata it is separated by a narrow interval from both these teeth. The distribution of the fur is somewhat similar to that of the preceding species, but the hair is much shorter on the wing-membrane, and almost absent from the backs of the tibie, from the adjoining portions of wing-membrane, and from the feet. Length, head and body 3'°7, tail 0'"-45, head 1°55, ear 0'68 x 0-35, ear to tip of nostril 1'°3, eye to tip of nostril 0-45, forearm
74 PTEROPODIDE.
2'-8, thumb 0:9, third finger 4-4, fifth finger 3'"3, tibia 1-05, foot 0"'°75.
Hab. Java.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 8. Cynonycteris brachyotis.
Cynonycteris brachyotis, Dobson, P, Z. S. 1877, p. 116. Resembles C. minor, Dobson, in size and in the nakedness of the extremities, but may be at once distinguished by the much shorter ears, longer muzzle, and deciduous first upper premolars. Ears short, oval, rounded off above; a prominent thickened lobule at the base of the outer margin of the ear-conch ; muzzle long and narrow, as in C’. amplexicaudata (Plate V. fig. 3) ; males with shoulder-glands concealed by tufts of thickened yellow hairs, as in Pteropus. Fur short, dark brown above, with greyish tips; beneath light greyish brown. On the upper surface, the back of the neck, posteriorly, and the shoulders are very thinly covered, almost naked, and the fur of the body searcely extends upon the membranes ; the tibie and feet and adjacent imterfemoral membrane are naked ; beneath, a broad band of fur extends outwards behind the elbow and forearm, lessening in width towards the carpus. First upper premolar very small in immature individuals, deciduous in adults; remaining teeth as in C. ampleaicaudata. In the following Table the relative measurements of this species and of C. minor are given :— : E ay tal tele) ie \é Ble l|a| 2 EI So lee he be pate le 2(/S12/s/3/4/3 (8/8 a 7) FS 2 EY Es + 3 Sg oO i COPGCNYOCIS.ccsavsicncancenssr1:5|0°55}0°55)2°85)0-9|4°5|3:4|1:15)0-7 ONTANOP=srvncnecssriovsecnuter1°55}0°45]0°68]2-8|0-9|4:4|3°3|1-05)0°75 Hab. New Ireland.
a. imm. sk, New Ireland. Rev. G. Brown ie z b,c. ad. sks. (type). New Ireland. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. 4. Cynonycteris egyptiaca.
Pteropus egyptiacus, Geoffroy, Descript. de l Egypte, ii. pp. 135, 136, pl. iii. fig. 8 (1812).
Pteropus geoffroyi, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal, i. p. 197, pl. xv. figs. 14, 15 (1827).
3. CYNONYCTERIS. 75 Cynonycteris egyptiaca, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 865. Eleutherura xgyptiaca, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 117 (1870).
Very like C. ampleaicaudata, but the muzzle is comparatively thicker and less pointed in front, the thumb longer, and the tibiz shorter; the interfemoral membrane also is more thickly covered, and a distinct band of fur extends on the wing-membrane along the outer side of the tibia.
On the upper surface the greater part of the interfemoral membrane is clothed with soft fur, which descends upon the tibie and upon the adjoining wing-membrane to the backs of the feet; the antebrachial membrane is nearly naked, and the fleshy part of the forearm is clothed with short hairs only ; beneath, the antebrachial is covered with soft fur, and a broad band of very short fine fur extends outwards behind the forearm to the carpus. In the following columns are given the measurements of skulls of C. egyptiaca and C. amplexicaudata respectively :— From supraoccipital crest to end of nagals ...............6.. 175 16 Breadth across zygomatic arches ............ssseeeeesseeeenees 1-15 0-92 From postorbital foramen to end of nasals,............00... 0°85 0-72 Length of bony palato........scccsossccrovscrterseeneersncensanses 0-9 0-75 (For general measurements see Table, p. 79.)
Hab. Egypt, Abyssinia, Palestine.
a,b. 2 ad. sks, Egypt. J. Burton, Esq. [P].
C, d. 6& Q@ ad.sks. Egypt. Dr. Turnbull Christie [P.]. e. ad. sk, Abyssinia, Captain Harris [C.].
fig. & ad, al. Wady Kern, Central Canon Tristram [C. ]. Palestine.
h,i. skulls. Egypt. Dr. Turnbull Christie [P.]. 5. Cynonycteris collaris.
Pteropus collaris, Idliger, Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1815, p. 84; Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berl. 1823, p. 3.
Pteropus leachii, Smith, Zoolog. Journal, iv. p. 483 (1829) ; Illustr. S. ar Zoology, Mammal. pl. 48; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 88.
Piaey us hottentottus, Temminck, 1. ce. p. 87; Victorin, Zoolog. Capland, in Vetensk. Akad. Handi. Stockholm, 1858.
P Eleutherura hottenttota, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Mammal. p. 29 (1844). Cynonycteris collaris, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 25 (1852) ; MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 865.
Eleutherura unicolor et collaris, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruiteating Bats, pp. 117, 118 (1870).
Corresponds closely in general form with the preceding species ; but the crown of the head appears to be more depressed, the thumb is shorter, the distribution of the fur slightly different, and the measurements greater throughout. i:
Fur dark brown or yellowish brown above and beneath. Sides of the lower jaw and inferior surface of the muzzle clothed with straight,
76 PTEROPODIDA.
rather coarse hairs, which are much longer (in adult males) on the sides and inferior surface of the neck and of a deep yellow colour. About half the forearm is clothed with rather short hair; the wingmembranes are naked, except along the sides of the body; the interfemoral is covered as far as the notch in the centre behind, the remainder and the tibisee with a few short hairs; feet covered with short hairs. Beneath, the antebrachial is thinly covered ; the wingmembrane is clothed as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and a deep band of fur passes outwards behind the elbow and the forearm to the carpus, decreasing in width outwards; a small patch of very short fur appears upon the metacarpal of the thumb. Palate-ridges as in C. egyptiaca, except that the third posterior divided ridge, represented by two oval papille, is absent. (For measurements see Table, p. 79.)
Hab, Equatorial and Southern Africa (West Africa, Gaboon ; East Africa, Natal; South Africa, Cape of Good Hope.) a. © ad. ek. Gaboon. Purchased.
(Type of Eleutherura unicolor, Gray.)
b. ¢ ad.,al. Natal. Purchased.
ec. 9 ad. sk. Port Natal.
df. & imm. & ad., al. Cape Town. Trustees of S, Afr. Museum [ P.].
g. & ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.
A. 9 ad., al. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.}. @ imm. ¢ sk. South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
Jj. skull of e.
k. skull. South Africa, G. H. Ford, Esq. [P.]. 6. Cynonycteris torquata.
Cynopterus collaris, Gray (non Geoffroy), Catal. Monkeys and Fruiteating Bats, p. 123 (1870).
Slightly more than half the size of C. collaris. The head also is comparatively broader and shorter, and the crown of the skull more elevated above the face-line.
The male has the under surface of the neck clothed with remarkably long, densely set yellow hairs, which extend outward upon the shoulders and backwards upon the breast, terminating abruptly, forming a broad well-defined ruff, very distinct from the short fur of the body (Plate V. fig. 2).
Above, half the forearm is covered with short hairs, and the wingmembrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; nearly the whole of the interfemoral is thickly covered, but the lower third of the tibie and the legs are quite naked. Beneath, a few fine hairs appear upon the antebrachial membrane and upon the wing-membrane between the humerus and the femur and behind the elbow, but no band of fur passes outwards behind the forearm to the carpus.
Above, reddish brown, head paler; beneath, pale brown except the ruff, which is bright reddish yellow.