12. VESPERTILIO. 293 small, placed quite inside, in the angle between the first and third premolars, and is not visible from without; the second lower premolar is about half the vertical height of the first, but not equal to one third its transverse diameter, and stands in the tooth-row. The following Table exhibits the measurements—(I.) of the type, (II.) of the type of Vespertilio macropus, Gould*, and (III.) of an adult 2 specimen preserved in alcohol.
I II III.
Length, head and body ........ccceccseecseeeueecseneeee aes 1-9 21 Fae SEB Pe ccantiesecca ster tens care wun emanseweaionoecens ous 15 175 9 Wend Ao iieed senses ceckeveveuseuteneetr sees oss ees 0°65 0°65 +o CAR re Haha oie nse san oaane ere reea ee eens MOTEe 0°65 0-6 06 5 PPA PUS! Secu tenidnsscaasssunededesasersiseesssns 0:26 0-28 0:3 se. sTOPCRTO Gs, cc ccane souseran case acoemeeseanoeees 15 15 1:55 CHuUMb!socsosteeeccvessecvaessusenseancevecuocces0°350°330°35 i third! finger’ sss i..scevaseiveesoasenessensnsseans 2°65 2°75 2-9 5 Filth Or eid. sais covesaeanadanrsaasecrancaina 2-0 1:95 2-05 “5 LIDIA: caossorsevecenesinaiesbesaveses sess eanscemans 0-6 0°65 0°68 PA LOOG: acca careeeeaaaenachetnn tel dent ee syaemewaaee 0-48 0°48 0-48 Hab. Siam; Java; Borneo; Gerontalo, Celebes ; Australia (Port Essington ; Brisbane; Swan River; South Australia). a,b. Q,al. (nearly Siam. W. H. Newman, Esq. [P.}.
adult).
ce. ad. sk. North Australia. Purchased.
d. 3 ad., al. Port Essington. J. Macgillivray, Esq. [P.]. e. 2 ad.,, al. Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.]. f. ad. sk., in al. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. : (Type of Vespertilio macropus, Gould.)
g. 3 ad, al. Australia. Earl of Derby [P.}.
h,t. ad. sks. Swan River, Australia. Sir G. Grey LPI. Jj, k. ad, sks. South Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.j. 5. Vespertilio capaccinii.
Vespertilio capaccinii, Bonap. Fauna Italica, 1832, fasc, xx.; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 189 (1839-41) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 129 (1876).
* I have directly compared the types of V. adversus, Horsf., and of V. macropus, Gould (the former from Java, the latter from North Australia), and am quite unable to discover any difference. Both agree in dentition, in the form of the head and ears, and in all other respects; so that I am obliged to consider the Australian specimens as belonging to the same species as Horsfield’s type from Java, and consequently assign to this species a wider distribution than I could have expected, seeing that the Bats of the Australian Region are almost altogether distinct from those of the Oriental. I have also examined the types of V. macellus, Temminck (preserved in the Leyden Museum), and find that this species from Borneo is also undoubtedly the same as V’. adversus, Horsf., with which it agrees in all external characters as well as in the peculiar position of the second upper premolar. As Dr. Peters has remarked (MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p- 680), there are some skulls in the Leyden Museum, labelled Vespertilio macellus in Temminck’s handwriting, which undoubtedly belong to the species described by Temminck under the name Vespertilio macrotis (=Vespertilio (T esperugo) imbricatus, Horsfield).
294 VESPERTILIONIDZE, Vespertilio megapodius, Temm. J. c. p. 189. :
Vespertilio macrodactylus, Temm. l. c. p. 231 (vide Peters, in MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679).
Ears slightly shorter than the head; laid forwards their extremities reach the end of the nose; upper third of the inner margin straight, tip shortly rounded off; outer margin flattened beneath the tip, becoming convex opposite the summit of the tragus, and ending abruptly opposite the base of its inner margin. Tragus long and very acutely pointed, the lower half of the inner margin straight, the upper half convex, corresponding to a distinct concavity of the upper third of the outer margin, which gives to the upper part of the tragus an outward inclination; at the base of the outer margin a distinct, small, rounded lobe, above which the outer margin becomes strongly convex (Plate XVIII. fig. 3, ear, enlarged). The wing-membrane is attached to the tibia a short distance above the ankle; caleaneum reaching three fourths the distance from the ankle to the tail.
On the upper surface the wing-membrane is covered with soft fur as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the tips of the toes when the foot is drawn outwards and forwards; the legs and interfemoral membrane are clothed with similar fur as far as a line drawn between the ankles ; beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn between the elbow- and knee-joints, and the interfemoral as far as a line extending between the ankles; the hairs also cross the tibia and occupy the angle of the wing-membrane contained between its posterior margin and the tibic.
Fur, above, black at the base, with light brown tips; beneath, black with white extremities.
The first and second upper premolars are slightly drawn inwards ; the second premolar minute, not half the size of the first premolar, and scarcely equalling in vertical extent the cingulum of the third premolar; the second lower premolar is almost equal to the first in vertical extent, but is not half its transverse diameter; the third lower premolar is almost equal to the canine in vertical extent. Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2", tail 1:5, tail free from membrane 0:15, head 0°65, ear 0'°6, tragus 0’°3, forearm 1'-6, thumb 0:3, third finger 27°55, fifth finger 2", tibia 0'"7, caleaneum 0'°55, foot 0'°5. Hab. Southern Europe (Italy); Philippine Islands; Japan. V. capaceinit is at once distinguished from all other species of this section by its very acutely pointed, outward curved tragus. a. Q ad, al. Turin. Prof. Bonetti [P.].
b @ ad, al. No history.
6. Vespertilio longipes.
Vespertilio macropus, Dobson (non Gould), Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 209.
Vespertilio longipes, Dobson, 1. v. 1878, p. 110; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 151 (1876),
12, VESPERTILIO. 295 Crown of the head rather abruptly and considerably raised above the face-line; muzzle narrow and pointed, with slightly projecting nostrils opening sublaterally, with an intervening emargination. The shape of the head and muzzle is similar to that of Kerivoulu hardwickii, Ears as long as the head, narrow, tapering, with rounded-off tips ; immediately beneath the tip about half the outer margin is hollowed out, the remaining lower half convex. Tragus very long and slender, slightly tapering towards the tip, which is rounded off (Plate XIX. fig. 1, ear, enlarged). Wings from the ankles. Feet very large, about one fourth the length of the head and body; toes more than half the length of the whole foot, claws remarkably long and strong; the outer toe considerably shorter than the others, and with a somewhat larger claw. Fur above black; beneath black, with whitish tips. The face is very hairy, and the upper lip is clothed with long straight hairs. The wing-membrane on the upper surface is covered with hair as far as a line connecting the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of the humerus with the knee-joint ; from the knee the hairs pass backwards along the tibia to the back of the foot. The base of the interfemoral membrane, a little further back than a line joining the knee-joints, is covered, the remainder naked. Beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, and half the interfemoral membrane has a few thinly spread hairs scattered over its surface.
The first and second upper premolars are very small, and (in the type specimens) not distinguishable without the aid of a lens. The second upper premolar is but slightly internal to the first; in the lower jaw both premolars stand in the tooth-row. Lower canine very small, not equal to the first molar in vertical extent. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1-75, tail 1°45, head 0'°6, ear 0-6, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1'-45, third finger 2'3, fifth finger 1-85, thumb 0'°3, tibia 0'6, foot 0"-4, Hab. Caves of Bhima Devi, Kashmir (elevation about 6000 feet), where the type specimens were obtained by Captain W. G. Murray. Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. a. g ad.,al. Caves of Bhima Devi, Kashmir. Calcutta Museum [E. ]. 7. Vespertilio dasycneme.
Vespertilio dasyeneme, Bote, Isis, 1825, p. 1200; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 757 (1855); Blasius, Fauna Deutsch. p. 103, figs. 69, a & b (1857); Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 129 1876).
Vespertitio limnophilus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 176 (1889).
Fars shorter than the head, laid forwards the extremities do not reach to the end of the nose; inner margin of the ear-conch straight in its lower third, then regularly convex to the tip, which is obtusely
296 VESPERTILIONID.E.
rounded off; the outer margin is straight or slightly concave beneath the tip for about one third of its length, becoming gradually convex, and terminating abruptly opposite the base of the inner margin. The tragus terminates in an obtuse rounded point; the inner margin is slightly concave, the outer convex. Thumb armed with a very large claw. Wings from the distal extremity of the tibia; the point of origin of the wing-membrane is very sharply defined. The calcaneum extends rather more than halfway between the ankle and the tail.
Fur, above, dark at the base, the hairs with ight brown extremities ; beneath, black at the base, the extremities white. Both the first and second upper premolars are drawn inwards, owing to the proximity of the third large premolar to the canine; the second premolar is extremely small, and more internal than the first. The lower incisors are not crowded; the second lower premolar is about half the size of the first premolar; the first premolar is less than the canine in vertical extent.
Length, head and body 2’'4, tail 2", head 0:75, ear 06, tragus 0-3 x 0"-09, forearm 1:8, thumb 0':35, third finger 3'"1, fifth finger 2'4, tibia 0-8, caleaneum 0°65, foot 0-4. Hab. From Southern England to the Altai Mountains, probably generally distributed throughout the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. On the continent of Europe it is recorded from the Netherlands, France, Denmark, Prussia, Hungary, and Italy. V. dasycneme is readily distinguished from all other species of this section by the form of the tragus, which resembles that of some of the species of the subgenus Vesperus (Vesperugo), and by the less amount of hair on the face.
a. 9 ad., al. Galicia. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. 8. Vespertilio ferrugineus.
Vespertilio ferrugineus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 289, pl. 58. fig. 2.
Ears shorter than the head, laid forwards the extremities reach almost to the end of the muzzle; inner margin of the ear-conch straight m lower and upper thirds and convex in the middle, the outer margin concave in upper half, so that the rather narrowly rounded-off tip projects outwards, then convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus and terminating in asmall lobe; inner margin of the tragus straight, outer margin slightly convex, not attenuated above, subacutely pointed.
Wings from the ankles or tarsus ; interfemoral membrane acutely angular behind, not fringed ; last caudal vertebra free. Fur moderately long on the upper surface, short beneath; above dark brown, the terminal third of the hairs light yellowish or ferruginous brown; beneath dark brown with greyish extremities, causing the whole under surface to appear ashy; ears and membranes brown.
12. VESPERTILIO. 297 Upper incisors nearly equal; first and second upper premolars on the inner side of the tooth-row, second premolar very small, third separated by a narrow space from the canine; first and second lower premolars in the tooth-row.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2'°4,. tail 1'°8, ear 0'°65, tragus 0':28, forearm 1-8, thumb 0°35, third finger—metacarp. 1'°6, 1st ph. 0'6, 2nd ph. 0'"8; fifth finger— metacarp. 1'°55, 1st ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0’°75, foot 0°45. Hab. Surinam.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
9. Vespertilio daubentonii.
Vespertilio daubentonii, Levsle, Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Ann. Wetterau, Gesellsch. Naturk. p. 51 (1819); Bonap. Fauna Italica, fase. xxi. (1835); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. p. 186 (1835-41) ; Bell, Brit. Quadrup. p. 47, fig. (1837); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 493 (1844), v. p. 726 (1855); Blastus, Fauna Deutschl. p. 98, figs. 66, 67 ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 132 (1876).
Vespertilio zedilis, Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1889, p. 73. Vespertilio volgensis, Lversmann, Bullet. de Moscou, i. p. 24 (1840). Head very slightly raised above the face-line; ears moderately long, laid forwards the tips extend quite to the extremity of the muzzle, the inner margin forms a regular are of a circle from the base to the tip; the tip is shortly rounded off; and the upper third of the outer margin is flat or concave, owing to the abrupt convexity of the succeeding middle third; tragus about half the length of the ear, the extremity straight, not curved outwards; the inner margin is straight, the outer has a very distinct triangular rounded lobe at the base, then becomes regularly slightly convex upwards, reaching its greatest width about the middle, and terminating in an acute point. Wings from the metatarsi; caleaneum extending more than three fourths the distance between the ankle and the tail. The face is sparingly covered with hair in front of the ears. The small labial glands are thinly clothed by some long straight hairs. On the dorsal surface the base of the interfemoral membrane as far as a line drawn between the centres of the tibia is covered; the tibiz and the remaining part of the interfemoral naked. Above, the hairs are dark at the base, with reddish-brown extremities; beneath, similar at the base, but with white extremities. The upper incisors are equal in size, and have strongly diverging cusps ; the second upper premolar stands in the tooth-row, is very small, not one third the size of the first premolar, and its summit very slightly exceeds the cingulum of the first molar. ; Length (of an adult 3 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'9, tail 17, head 0-65, ear 0-55, tragus 0-28, forearm 1-45, thumb 0-35, third finger 2’4, fifth finger 1"'9, tibia 0':6, foot 0"-4. Hab. From Ireland to the Altai Mountains; from Finland to
298 VESPERTILIONID.E.
Sicily ; from the Altai Mountains to Tenasserim*. Probably generally distributed throughout Europe and the temperate regions of Asia north of the Himalaya; attaining the most northerly range of all the species of the genus. Found as far north as Banffshire in Scotland.
a. ad. sk, England.
b. ad., al. Epping Forest. F. Doubleday, Esq. poe c. ad. sk. Essex. J. A. Tawell, Esq. [P.].
d. ad. o, al. Northampton. Rev. L. Jenyns [P.]. e. ad. sk. Warwickshire. R. F. Tomes, Esq. [P.]. f. ad. sk. Devonshire. Dr. W. E. Leach [P.].
h,i. ad. sks, Scotland. J. MacGillivray, Esq. [P.]. J, k ad. sks, Sweden. Stockholm Museum [P.].
i. ad. sk. Poland. Purchased.
m,n. ad. sks. Altai Mountains.
o. 2 imm,, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [P.].
10. Vespertilio megalopus.
Vespertilio megalopus, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi. p. 261. Very similar to V. daubentonit: but the ears are longer, much narrower and more acute, and, laid forwards, the tips pass beyond the end of the nose at least one tenth of an inch; the inner margin, instead of forming a regular arc from the base to the tip, is flattened along the upper third, and the narrow extremity of the ear is sharply rounded off. The tragus is also longer and narrower, and quite obtuse; the upper third of the inner margin is slightly concave ; but the extremity is not directed inwards (Plate XVIII. fig. 2, ear, enlarged).
The wing-membrane does not extend so far down on the foot as in V. daubentonii ; and the second upper premolar is slightly drawn inwards. In other respects, in general form and in the colour and distribution of the fur, this species closely resembles V. daubentonit, of which it may be considered the African representative. Length (of a male specimen preserved in alcohol), head and body 1"-65, tail 1'°6, head 0'°6, ear 0”-55, tragus 0'"8, forearm 1'°45, thumb 0:35, third finger 23, fifth finger 1'-9, tibia 0'-6, foot 0-4.
Hab. Western Equatorial Africa (Gaboon).
a, o ad., al. (type). Gaboon. Purchased.
b ¢ ad, al. Gaboon. Purchased.
11. Vespertilio fimbriatus.
Vespertilio fimbriatus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 617. no. 2; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 144 (1876).
Vespertilio laniger, Peter's, 7. c. no. 3.
Ears remarkably narrow; the upper half of the ear-conch triangular, the outer margin slightly concave in upper half, convex below, terminating opposite the base of the tragus without forming a lobe; * Two pe lately obtained by Mr. Limborg at Ashown in Tenasserim agree in all respects with specimens of this species from England.
12. VESPER'TILIO. 299 tragus about half the length of the inner margin of the ear, narrow and acutely pointed, outer margin convex immediately above the base, then concave, inner margin correspondingly convex. Face narrow and densely clothed with woolly hair. Wings from the metatarsi; feet rather large; tail (in the type specimen, a dried skin) wholly included within the interfemoral membrane. Fur, above, black with brown tips; beneath, black with ashy tips. On the upper surface the fur extends to the membranes along the sides of the body only; beneath, a few fine hairs cover the wingmembrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint ; the interfemoral membrane is nearly naked, except where a few fine thinly spread hairs fringe the posterior free margin. The canine and third premolar are rather close, so that the small first and second premolars are drawn inwards, the second more than the first.
Length (of the type specimen, a dried skin), head and body about 1-6, tail about 1”, ear 06, tragus 0''-28, forearm 15, thumb 0'"3, third finger 2-6, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0’-6, foot 0''-4. Such are the characters of the type specimen, from Amoy, a dried skin in a very imperfect state of preservation.
A specimen in alcohol, in the collection of the Paris Museum, from Cochin China, appears to be referable to this species; but, as it differs apparently * in some important points from the Amoy specimens, I give the following description :— Ears narrow, laid forwards the tips do not extend to the end of the nose; inner margin of the ear-conch straight in lower third, convex in middle third, straight in upper third, tips shortly rounded off; outer margin straight almost from the tip to its termination below, the slight convexity of the lower part commencing below the middle, and not forming any lobular projection; tragus rather short, and shaped as in V. daubentonii, the outer margin convex, the inner straight.
Wings from the tarsi; last caudal vertebra free; interfemoral membrane triangular behind ; termination of calcaneum indistinct. Fur, above, dark, extremities of the hairs greyish; beneath, similar, the terminal third of the hairs lighter than on the upper surface. The canine and third premolar are separated by a rather small interval, and the second minute premolar is quite internal; in the lower jaw the second premolar stands in the tooth-row. Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 19, tail a ere head 0'-65, ear 0'"6, tragus 0':27, forearm 1°35, thumb 1'25, third finger 2"-6, fifth finger 1”-9, tibia 055, foot 04.
Hab. China (Amoy) ; ? Cochin China.
‘ Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
se a bis = (type) Anas, R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
ct. a Ga. sk. Amoy. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [ P.}.
* The differences in the dried skins may be mainly the result of imperfect tion.
EE eps of 1”. laniger, Peters.
300 VESPERTILIONID.E.
13. Vespertilio davidii.
Vespertilio davidii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 402; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 132 (1876).
Muzzle and ears as in V. daubentonii ; laid forwards the extremity of the ear extends exactly to the end of the muzzle; the outer margin of the ear-conch terminates in a small distinct round lobe. Tragus long, subacute, attenuated in upper third; inner margin straight, lower two thirds of outer margin convex, upper one third straight ; a distinct lobule at the base.
Wings from the base of the toes; feet rather large ; toes nearly equal in length ; last two caudal vertebre free ; the calcaneum extends somewhat more than half the distance between the ankle and the tail.
Fur, above, dark, with light-brown tips; beneath, similar, with grey or ashy extremities. Above and beneath, the wing- and interfemoral membranes are covered along the sides of the body only. The second upper premolar is very small, and placed internally in the angle between the closely approximated first and third premolars ; in the lower jaw the second premolar is also very small and internal, but the first and third premolars are separated by a small interval.
This species is very like V. daubentonii ; but the outer margin of the ear is less concave in its upper half, and the lower half is less convex; it is also distinguished by the position of the second premolar (which, as described above, is internal to the tooth-row in both jaws), by the projecting caudal vertebra, and by the attachment of the wing-membrane, which extends quite to the base of the toes.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body 1'-7, tail 1'°3, head 0'°58, ear 0'°56 x 0'"3, tragus 0°28, forearm 1'-25, thumb 0-28, third finger 1’'°7, fifth finger 1'-4, tibia 0'°5, calcaneum 0''-58, foot 0'°33.
Hab. Pekin, China.
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
13. Vespertilio bocagii.
Vespertilio bocagii, Peters, Jorn. de Sci. Math.-Phys. e Nat. Lisboa, 1870, no, 10.
The crown of the head is slightly, but rather abruptly, elevated above the face-line, the muzzle rather short, and the glandular prominences small. Ears shorter than the head, laid forward the tips extend exactly to the end of the nose ; in general shape very similar to those of V. mystacinus, but the tip is more directed outwards and the lower half of the outer margin less convex. The tragus is also like that of 1. mystacinus, but is proportionately shorter, narrower, and more acutely pointed, and the lobe at the base of the outer margin is triangular, not rounded (Plate XVIII. fig. 6, ear, double natural size; tragus rather too broad).