6. VESPERUGO. 205 moderately developed, not causing a depression on the face above ; end of nose and upper lip slightly projecting beyond the lower lip; inner basal lobe of ear-conch rounded, not very convex forwards; inner margin of ear regularly convex to the tip; rather more than the upper third of the outer margin is straight or slightly concave, a narrow portion of the edge about the middle is folded backwards, then emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a long and deep, but not prominent lobe behind the angle of the mouth, from which it is separated by a wart; tragus narrow opposite the base of the inner margin, expanded above, the outer margin attaining its greatest convexity slightly above the middle of the inner margin, which is straight or slightly convex above, at the base of the outer margin a triangular lobule. Wings from the base of the toes, which are three fourths the length of the whole foot. Calcaneum margined posteriorly by a narrow lobe. The last caudal vertebra and part of the antepenultimate vertebra free.
On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wingmembrane almost as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint, on the interfemoral membrane as far as the end of the fourth caudal vertebra. Beneath, the wing-membrane is similarly covered ; but almost the whole interfemoral membrane is covered with fine hairs, which abound principally along the tail.
Fur, above, dark brown, the terminal fourth of the hairs shining yellowish white ; beneath, dark brown, the terminal fourth of the hairs ashy.
Upper inner incisors long, bifid, the outer cusp shorter than the inner, and placed slightly posterior; the outer incisors unicuspidate and short, not equalling the outer cusp of the inner incisor in vertical extent. Lower incisors slightly crowded, but not overlapping. First lower premolar about half the height of the second. Length, head and body 1'-95, tail 1""7, ear 0"-6, tragus 0'°25, forearm 1-6, thumb 0:28, third finger 2'5, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0'°7, foot 0'°33.
Hab. The Palearctic Region. In Europe extending from England through Southern Sweden and Russia to the Ural Mountains, and southwards through France, Germany, and Italy, chiefly found, however, in the mountain tracts of these countries. In Asia recorded as yet from Western Siberia (Barnaul) and Eastern Turkestan (Kizil) only.
a. do ad. sk. Plymouth. W. E. Leach, M.D. [P.].
b-e. imm. & ad. sks. France. M. Lefevre.
f. imm. sk. Switzerland.
g. ad. sk. Sweden. Stockholm Museum.
h. 3 ad., al. Purchased.
a,j. ad. sks. Purchased.
k. skull of a.
206 VESPERTILIONID ©.
19. Vesperugo atratus.
Nycticejus atratus, Blyth, Cat. Mammal. Mus. As. Soc, Beng. no. 96 ; Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p. 38 (1867).
Vesperus atratus, Dobson, ee As. Soc. Beng. Sept. 1871, p. 212; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 107, figs. a, b (1876). The head is broad and slightly elevated above the face; muzzle obtuse ; glandular prominences largely developed, causing a heartshaped depression above, behind the nostrils. Ears large, oval, with rounded tips, which, in the natural position of the ears, appear acute, owing to a longitudinal folding of the outer side of the conch on the inner, commencing at and almost bisecting the tip, as in the species of Kerivoula; inner margin convex; outer slightly hollowed beneath the tip, succeeded by a triangular emargination opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a rounded lobe, the summit of which is marked by a small triangular notch; tragus with a small rounded lobe at the outer side of its base, expanded above, convex externally and above, inner margin slightly concave. Wings from the base of the toes; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.
Fur rather long and dense, and (so far as can be determined from an examination of specimens in alcohol) intensely black throughout. Inner upper incisors very long and slightly bifid at the extremity ; outer incisors minute, scarcely raised above the level of the gum, and close to the base of the inner incisors.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 19, tail 1-8, head 0-6, ear 0'°6, tragus 0:23, forearm 1-7, third finger 2'9, fifth finger 2”, thumb 02, tibia 0'°6, caleaneum 0'"5, foot 03.
Hab, Himalaya (Darjiling). Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
20. Vesperugo pachyotis.
Vesperugo (Vesperus) pachyotis, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871, p- 218; Monogr. Asrat. Chiropt. p. 104, figs. a-c (head and teeth) (1876).
Head flat; muzzle very broad and short, glandular prominences much developed ; immediately behind them a furrow extends from the anterior corner of one eye to that of the other, beyond which the fur of the head does not pass. Ears triangular above, with rounded tips; outer side straight, without emargination; lower portion of the ear (from below the level of the tip of the tragus to the termination of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth) very thick and fleshy ; tragus short, expanded above and curved inwards. Wing-membrane from the base of the toes. Fur, above, dark brown throughout; beneath, a lighter shade of brown. Teeth very small; inner incisors bifid at their extremities, much larger and longer than the outer ones.
Length (of an adult g preserved in alcohol), head and body 22, tail 1-6, head 0"-7, ear 0-55 x0'"4, tragus 0'°18 x 0'"1, forearm
6. VESPERUGO. 207 1"-6, third finger 27, fifth finger 1-7, thumb 0-25, tibia 0':65, foot 0"°35.
Hab. Khasia Hills, Assam. Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
This species is readily distinguished by the peculiar thickness of the lower half of the outer side of the ear-conch, which appears, as it were, excavated out of the thick integument of the neck. The tragus is short, rounded off broadly above and curved inwards as in V.noctula; but the minute upper premolar, so constant in V. noctula, is absent, and the wing-membrane extends to the base of the toes. In the form of the ears and muzzle especially, and generally in the whole conformation, this species appears to belong to the subgenus Vesperugo; but the absence of the first minute upper premolar relegates it to Vesperus. Nothing could illustrate better the artificial character of these subgenera, which, however, are convenient in determining the species.
21. Vesperugo albigularis.
Vesperugo (Marsipoleemus) albigularis, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1872, p- 260.
Ears very broad and broadly rounded off above; the lower half of the outer margin of the ear-conch broadly folded backwards, as in V. noctula, separated in front from the angle of the mouth by a wart, but terminating below and internal to it under the lower jaw by a small internal prolongation; tragus broad above, attaining its greatest width above the middle of the inner margin, which is slightly concave, narrowest opposite the base of the inner margin, a prominent triangular lobe at the base of the outer margin. Nostrils rather wide apart, opening sublaterally; muzzle broad and obtuse ; crown of the head scarcely elevated ahove the face-line. Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe long and narrow; last caudal vertebra free.
Fur dark brown above, the extreme tips hoary, as in V. noctivagans, paler beneath, the chin and throat, as far back as a line connecting the posterior margins of the ears, pure white. Upper inner incisors long and broad and slightly bifid at their extremities ; outer incisors very short, scarcely exceeding the cingulum of the inner ones in vertical extent; the single upper premolar close to the canine; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws ; first lower premolar half the size of the second, which exceeds the molars in vertical extent.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult 3), head and body 2’"35, tail 1-5, head 0-7, ear 0'"65 x 0'"4, tragus 0°25 x 0-13, forearm 1-65, thumb 0:35, third finger 2'-75, fifth finger 2", tibia 0'°6, foot 0°35.
Hab. Mexico. Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum. This species may be at once distinguished from all other species of Vespertilionide by the very peculiar manner in which the outer
208 VESPERTILIONID&.
margin of the ear-conch terminates under the jaw, which has caused the describer, Dr. Peters, to make it the type of a new subgenus, Marsipolemus. In the prolongation of the ear-conch, in the form of the tragus, and in dentition it resembles the African species of Chalinolobus.
22. Vesperugo pachypus.
Vespertilio pachypus, Zemminck, Monogr, Mammal. ii. p. 217, pl. 54. gs. 4-6 Vesperus pachypus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 741 (1855) ; Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 212.
Scotophilus fulvidus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxviii. p. 293. Tylonycteris pachypus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 704. Tylonycteris meyeri, Peters, J. c. p. 705.
Vesperugo pachypus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 115 (1876). Crown of the head very flat, not raised above the broad and flattened muzzle; nostrils not projecting, directed forwards and slightly downwards. Ears shorter than the head, triangular, with rather broadly rounded tips; outer margin straight, terminating towards the angle of the mouth in a small lobe separated by a shallow notch; tragus short, slightly narrowed upwards and rounded off above, reaching its greatest width opposite the base of the inner margin ; at the base of the outer margin a small triangular lobule. Under surface of the base of the thumbs and soles of the feet with broad fleshy pads. In some specimens the pad extends along the inferior surface of the thumb almost to the base of the claw, which is very small and acutely pointed, as in V. noctula. On the foot the fleshy sole forms almost a circular disk, especially towards the toes, under which its round margin projects slightly. The toes are short, not exceeding half the foot in length, and are armed with short claws.
Wings rather short; wing-membranes from the base of the toes. Tail projecting by the extreme tip only ; calcaneum short and feeble. Fur fine and very dense, moderately long, scarcely extending upon the membranes; above generally bright reddish brown, paler beneath.
Upper incisors short, the second and shorter outer cusp of the inner incisor exceeding very slightly in vertical extent the unicuspidate outer incisor; lower incisors trifid, not crowded. Length, head and body 1°75, tail 1'°3, ear 0'°48, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1"*1, thumb 0°22, third finger 2”, fifth finger 1'°4, tibia 0"45, foot 0°25. :
Hab. Oriental Region; Peninsula of India (Darjiling); Tenasserim Province; Andaman Islands; Sumatra, Java, Philippine Islands. In this species, as in V. tylopus also, the fleshy footpads without doubt enable the animal to cling to the under surfaces of large leaves and fruits—perhaps not so effectively, however, as the much more highly specialized pedunculated sucking-disks of Thyroptera tricolor from the American continent enable that animal to adhere to smooth surfaces as securely as a fly.
6. VESPERUGO. 209 This species has been made by Dr. Peters the type of a new genus, T'ylonycteris, distinguished by the large cushions on the base of the thumbs and soles of the feet, by the shortness of the thumbs and smallness of the thumb-nail, and by the remarkable flatness of the skull. The discovery by the writer (subsequently to the publication of the definition of this new genus) of similar adhesive cushions in other species of the genus Vesperugo not closely related to this species, renders this character of very little importance in a generic sense, especially as some of these species are evidently most closely allied in all other respects to species which have not a trace of these foot-pads (e.g. V. blanfordi); and the shortness of the thumbs and thumb-nail is, proportionally, as much pronounced in V. noctula, while the flatness of the skull appears to be nearly as well marked in V. nasutus.
a, b. ad. sks. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. ee c. @ ad, al. Darjiling. G. E. Dobson, MB [E.]. d. ad. sk. Purchased.
e. 2 imm., al. Luzon. Dr. Meyer [C.]. Ff. skeleton. ? Java. Purchased.
Ine. am pm. = the first upper premolar minute, internal to the tooth-row ; ‘the second premolar close to the canine or separated by a narrow interval, through which the first premolar is rarely visible from without ; ears short, triangular, not exceeding the head in length, the outer margin of the conch carried forward to the angle of the mouth; tragus shorter and broader than in Vesperus; postcalcaneal lobe generally well developed. Hab. Eastern Hemisphere, one species only extending into the Western Hemisphere. Subgenus VESPERUGO. Synopsis of the Species.
A. Thumb and feet simple, without adhesive cushions. a. Wings from the ankles or from the tibia higher up.
a’. Tragus expanded above and curved inwards, reaching its greatest width above the middle of its inner margin.
a’. Inner margin of the tragus deeply concave.
a’, Wings from the ankles; the extreme tip of the tail alone projecting from the interfemoral membrane; postcalcaneal lobe well developed.
«, Fur unicoloured above; upper outer incisors double the size of the inner incisors in cross section at the base ; lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaws; forearm 2” to Lp. UF Lin etek olga ted auamenis: Mae Ara 23. V. soot: B. Fur bicoloured above; upper outer incisors equal to the inner incisors 212.
210 VESPERTILIONIDZE, in cross section at the base; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws ; forearm 1"°8 11... cee eee eee eee b'", Wings from the tibie ; the extreme tip of the tail alone projecting; postcalcaneal lobe well developed. _ y. Fur unicoloured ; incisors as in V. noctula; forearm 1'"55.... 0.0.0.0 00s b', Tragus not expanded above, reaching its ereatest width about the middle of its inner margin.
b". Inner margin of the tragus deeply concave. ce". Wings from the base of the toes; the extreme tip of the tail alone free ; postcalcaneal lobe small.
6. Tragus crescent-shaped ; apc outer incisors half the length of the inner incisors, but less than half their transverse diameter at the base; Forearm LBS sckiteweea Gale eo c. Inner margin of the tragus straight or faintly concave.
d, Wings from the base of the toes; last osseous caudal vertebra free. d', Outer upper incisors as long as (or slightly longer than) the outer cusp of the inner incisor; postcalcaneal lobe small.
e. Outer margin of the ear convex in lower half, concave above; fur above deep black; forearm 1'-35 1s Cade Geico caer eee Se arr ¢ Outer margin of the ear straight ; fur above brown; forearm 1'55. . e'. Outer upper incisors very short, as in V. serotinus ; no postcalcaneal lobe. 7. Fur above deep black, the extremities of some hairs bright ferruginous; forearm 15 ............ J‘. Upper incisors as in V. noctula; postcalcaneal lobe well developed. 6. Fur dark reddish brown above and beneath ; lower incisors in the up eeree of the jaws; forearm earner rere wre c'. The tragus reaches its greatest width slightly above the base of its inner margin. e". Wings from the tarsi; extremity of the tail scarcely projecting.
g‘. Outer upper incisor on each side not equalling the outer cusp of the inner incisor in vertical extent, and considerably less than it in cross section. t, Wings very short; the first upper poe visible from without; orearm cls O 3 sie ahd dy sensi 24, V leisleri,p.215.
[p. 216.
25. V. stenopterus, [p.217.
26. V. imbricatus, [p. 218.
27. V. maurus, 28.V. affinis, p. 220.
[p.221.
29. V. circumdatus, p.222.
30. V. indicus, [p. 228.
31. V. brachypterus,
6. VESPERUGO. 211 Jf. Wings from the base of the toes. aa". Postcaleaneal lobe distinct, generally well developed.
g'. Outer upper incisor on each side not equalling the outer cusp of the inner incisor in vertical-extent. x. Outer margin of the ear-conch deeply concave above; forearm [p. 223. PEDOraalaingeesseanwiekatia-arhkaleocamics32.V.pipistrellus, A. Outer margin of the ear-conch straight or faintly concave above; forearm (16 aias, cersaiearens een 88. V. tenuis, p. 226. A‘. Outer upper incisor slightly exceeding : the outer cusp of the inner incisor in vertical extent.
p. Outer margin of the ear-conch [p. 226. straight; forearm 135 ........ 34. V. abramus, 2‘, Outer upper incisors minute. 2°. Tragus obtuse, inner margin straight. v. Upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch slightly concave; tail much shorter than the head and body; interfemoral and part of the wing-membrane behind margined with white ; forearm 1°35 10... ce eee 35. V. huhlii, p. 230. €. Upper third of the outer margin of the ear-conch deeply emarpinate; tail as long as the head and body; no white margin to the membranes; forearm [p. 231. Wc cece eee eee aeee BO, V, maderensis, f. Tragus attenuated ease acutely pointed, and curved inwards. v. Postealcaneal lobe narrow; forearmel Oh <srasseraeenurnen trains 37. Vi krefftit, p.232. 5b'". No postcalcaneal lobe. Jj‘. Outer upper incisors minute, a. Lower incisors in the direction of [p. 233. the jaws; forearm 1""35........ 38. V. pulcher, p. Lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaws; forearm [p. 233. nore Ra erence ee Cer oe Recetas enced 39. V. temnunekii, i, Outer upper incisors as long or nearly as long as the inner incisors. a. Outer upper incisor on each side parallel and close to the inner incisor; extreme tip of the tail pro- [p. 234. jecting; forearm 18 .......... 40. V. annectens, z. Outer upper incisor on each side directed vertically downwards, separated from the inner incisor, which is inclined inwards; the last osseous caudal vertebra quite [p. 235, free; forearm 1'"35............ 41. V. georgianns, P9“a
212 VESPERTILIONID 2, B. Base of the thumbs and soles of the feet with adhesive cushions; outer margin of the earconch terminating in a very distinct lobe.
¢. Outer margin of the ear-conch terminating in a round lobe; tragus with a small tooth-lke projection at the base; outer incisors very short; forearm 1'-2............ 42. V. tylopus, p. 236. x. Outer margin of the ear-conch terminating in a square lobe; tragus without a projection at the base; outer incisors nearly as long as the inner ones; forearm 1'"2........ 43. V.nanus, p. 237. 23. Vesperugo noctula.
Vespertilio noctula, Schreber, Sdugeth. i. p. 166, pl. 52 (1775) ; Gmel. Linn. Syst. Reg. Anim. i. p. 146 (1788) ; Desmarest, Mammalogie (1820), p. 186; Zemm. Monogr, Mamm. ii. p.-169 (1835-41) ; Jenyns, Brit. Vertebr. p. 23; Bonap. Fauna Ital. fase. xxi. (1837) ; Bell’s Brit. Quadrup. p. 12, wact. (1837); De Sélys-Longch. Faune Belge, 1842.
Vespertilio magnus, Berkenhout, Synop. Nat. Hist. Gt. Brit. & Irel. p. li (1789).
Vespertilio altivolans, White, Nat. Hist. Selborne (1789). Vespertilio serotinus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 194 (1806). Vespertilio proterus, Kuhl, Wetter. Ann. iv. p. 41 (1817). Vespertilio labiata, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. iv. p.700 (1835). Scotophilus noctula, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 497 (1838). Vesperugo noctula, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1889, p. 317; Wabelth. Europ. p.46; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p.728 (1855) ; Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 63, wdet. p. 54 (1857); Lilljeborg, Sver. Norges Ryggradsdjur, p. 134 (1874) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 88 (1876).
Vespertilio macuanus, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 61 (1852).
Noctulinia noctula, Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p. 86 (1867). Head broad and very flat, the labial glandular prominences well developed, adding much to the breadth of the muzzle; posteriorly the raised rounded edge of these prominences forms the anterior margin of a deep furrow, beyond which the long hair covering the head does not pass. Nostrils placed rather widely apart, with a slightly concave intervening space, their inner edges scarcely projecting. ars nearly as broad as long; the base of the inner margin very convex forwards, the ascending part straight, the tip very broadly rounded off, the outer margin convex and reflected backwards, forming in front of the tragus a thickened convex lobe terminating close to the angle of the mouth. Tragus short and curved inwards above; at the base of the outer margin a small triangular projection succeeded by a concavity ; and above this the outer margin becomes very convex, the inner margin correspondingly concave. Thumb short, with a short but acutely-pointed claw ; at the base of the phalanx asmall callosity. Feet thick; toes short, about half the