7. CHALINOLOBUS. 253 hollow space between. Ears very like those in Miniopterus, short and rather sloped backwards ; the inner margin commences in a long lobule directed backwards ; the margin of the ear is almost regularly convex all round from the commencement of the inner margin to a point in the outer margin opposite the base of the tragus, where it becomes slightly emarginated, and immediately beyond abruptly convex, forming a short erect lobe connected by a low band with a wart in front at the angle of the mouth, which is continuous with a horizontal lappet of thickened skin extending forwards along the lower lip almost as far as a point opposite the lower canine. With this lappet of the lower lip the outer margin of the ear is thus directly continuous. Tragus semilunate, the inner margin slightly concave, the outer regularly convex, at the base a rather large equilateral triangular lobule very acutely pointed (Plate XIV. fig. 5, head, double natural size).
First phalanx of longest finger short, intermediate in length between that of Miniopterus and that of Vesperugo; terminal phalanx very long, flexed forwards on the under surface of the first phalanx in repose, in this position it extends nearly to the middle of the metacarpal bone. Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; calcaneum long and straight, extending more than half the distance between the ankle and the tip of the tail (Plate XIV. fig. 5 a). Tail as long as the head and body, wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane.
The ears and the face are nearly naked, a few short hairs only appearing on the glandularsprominences between the eyes and nostrils; the fur of the body above and beneath extends upon the wingmembranes as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur; the interfemoral membrane above and beneath is quite naked, except where a small triangular patch of hair appears at the root of the tail.
The fur is tricoloured, the basal third of the hairs black, the middle third white, and the terminal third a beautiful dark silvery grey. This is the arrangement of the colours about the middle of the body ; but the grey is more prevalent towards and on the head, while the dark shades prevail slightly over the grey towards the tail.
The integument of the ears and face pearly white; wing- and interfemoral membranes dusky white, translucent, traversed by welldefined reticulations and parallel lines.
The teeth are very peculiar. The inner upper incisors very long, remarkably slender and acute; the outer incisor on each side fills up the space between the inner incisor and the canine by its broad base; butits unicuspidate vertically directed summit is very short, and scarcely exceeds the cingulum of the inner incisor (Plate XIV. fig.56). The canines are extremely long and slender, and are directed almost vertically downwards and slightly outwards ; the lower canines are also very slender, but scarcely more than half the length of the upper ones. The upper premolar is very acute and close to the canine; the posterior upper molar little more than half the size of
254 VESPERTILIONIDZE.
the second molar. The Jower incisors are distinctly trifid, some even appearing to have a fourth lobe; they are not crowded, and form a regular semicircle across the wide space between the canines, The lower premolars are also, like the canines, very slender and acutely pointed, the first premolar scarcely half the size of the second, Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”, tail 2”, head 0'°55, ear 05, tragus 0':22x0'1, forearm 1'°7, thumb 0'°25, second finger 17; third finger—metacarp. 1'7, 1st ph. 3-6, 2nd ph. 1:3; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-55,, Ist ph. 0-45, 2nd ph. 05 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°35, 1st ph. 0-4, 2nd ph. 0'"3; tibia 0°72, foot 0-3.
Hab. Cameroon Mountains, western equatorial Africa. This species has a general resemblance to Miniopterus schreibersit in the shape of the head and ears, in the shortness of the first phalanx and great length of the terminal phalanx of the longest finger, in the long and slender tail wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane; added to which the grey colour of the fur and corresponding size would cause specimens of this species to be readily confounded, on a superficial examination, with specimens of the European grey-coloured M. schreibersiz.
w. 9 ad., al. (type). | Cameroon Mountains, W. Africa. Purchased. 6. Chalinolobus variegatus.
Scotophilus variegatus, Tomes, P. Z. 8.1861, p. 36. Chalinolobus variegatus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 888. Closely allied to C. argentatus, which it resembles in general form, in size, and in the colour of the fur. It is, however, readily distinguished by the shortness of the lobule at the base of the inner side of the ear-conch, and by the lower incisors, which are crowded between the canines and placed at right angles to the direction of the jaw. The teeth are similar to those of C. poensis, not slender and extremely acute as in C. argentatus; and this condition is present in immature specimens also, so that the comparative bluntness of the teeth is not due to age. The head is also longer, the ears larger, and the face is covered with hair to within a short distance from the end of the nose. The lobes of the lower lip are smaller, and the under surface of the lower jaw not raised on the sides a8 in ~ C. argentatus.
The caleaneum is quite similar to that of C. argentatus ; and there is no postcalcaneal lobe. I have examined the type specimen of this species, and find that the postcalcaneal lobe described by Tomes has been produced by distortion in drying.
Length (of a ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'9, tail 1'"8, head 0''-65, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'22, forearm 1'"55, thumb 0'"3, third finger—metacarp. 1'-4, Ist ph. 0:6, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger— metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph. 0'-3, 2nd ph. 0'°3; tibia 0-7, foot 03. Hah, Otjoro, 8.W. Africa.
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
7. CHALINOLOBUS, 255 7. Chalinolobus poensis.
Kerivoula poensis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 258. bidity (Hesperoptenus) kraussii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, 638.
Chalinolobus poensis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 887. Smaller than Ch. variegatus, but with similarly shaped head and ears ; tragus more curved inwards and the lobule at its base less acute; lobes of the lower lip much less developed. Thumbs and feet as in the preceding species, and similarly black at the extremities, with black claws. Postcalcaneal lobule long and narrow, slightly narrower near the ankle, so that the outline is triangular, the apex of the triangle about the middle, and formed by the extremity of a small cartilaginous prop. Tail contained within the interfemoral membrane, the extreme tip alone projecting. Fur, above, dark at the base of the hairs, then dull white, the terminal third reddish brown, the extreme tip greyish; the surface of the fur on the head and neck paler than on the back; beneath similar, but with greyish yellow extremities.
Wing- and interfemoral membranes brown, not traversed by strongly marked venations as in the two preceding species. Integument of the ears and face white.
The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur, and upon the interfemoral triangularly as far as the end ot the third caudal vertebra. Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, and a few thinly-spread hairs are ranged in short parallel rows on the membrane posterior to the elbow and forearm.
Teeth similar to those of C. argentatus, but not so slender, and the upper incisors are more inclined outwards; the first lower premolar is scarcely larger than one of the outer upper incisors. Skull scarcely differing in shape from that of Ch. argentatus (Plate XIV. figs. 6, 6a).
“Length (ot av adult 2 *), head and body 1:8, tail 19, head 0°55, ear 0'"5, tragus 0'-2x0'"12, forearm 1°65, thumb 0:25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°6, 1st ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0-95; fourth finger —metacarp. 1'°4, Ist ph. 0°45, 2nd ph. 0-45; fifth finger— metacarp. 1'"3, 1st ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0°35; tibia 0'°65, foot 0'"3. Hab. W. Africa (Yoruba, Guinea; Fernando Po).
Through the kindness of Dr. Krauss, Director of the Stuttgart Museum, I have been enabled to compare the type of Vesperus kraussii, Ptrs., with that of Kerivoula poensis, Gray, = Chalinolobus poensis, Dobson, and find not the least appreciable difference except in size and colour, the Fernando Po specimen being slightly smaller and paler in the colour of the fur. The figures of the skull of this * The type of Tesperus kraussii, Ptrs. For measurements of the typo of Kerivoula poensis, Gray (type of this species), see P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 388,
256 VESPERTILIONID&.
species, referred to above, have been taken from the Stuttgart Museum specimen.
a. Pad. sk, (in al.) (type). Fernando Po. T. Thomson, Esq. R.N, [P.]. 8. SCOTOPHILUS.
Scotophilus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p.71 (1822) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 369; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 119 (1876).
Nycticejus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 148 (1835-41); Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 65 (1852); Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xx. p. 157 (1851); Jerdon, Mammals of India, p. 37 (1867).
Muzzle short, obtusely conical, smoothly rounded off, naked; nostrils close together, opening by simple lunate apertures in front or sublaterally, their inner margins projecting; ears longer than broad, generally considerably shorter than the head, with rounded tips, the outer margin terminating behind the angle of the mouth in a distinct convex lobe; tragus tapering, generally subacutely pointed and curved inwards.
Tail shorter than the head and body, contained, except the terminal rudimentary vertebra, within the interfemoral membrane; calcaneum weak ; wings attached or close to the base of the toes. Fur generally short and nearly confined to the body; wing- and interfemoral membranes very thick and leathery.
Skull thick, with prominent crests; occipital and sagittal crests often forming at their junction behind a thick projecting process, from which the skull slopes evenly downwards and forwards to the end-of the nasal bones in front; occiput concave, with prominent occipital crest ; facial bones much shortened in front of infraorbital foramina, which are large and well defined ; the bony palate very narrow behind last upper molar, extending backwards as far as the middle of the zygomatic arches ; basioccipital between cochleze broad ; cochlez partially concealed by the tympanic bulle; paroccipital and mastoid processes well developed, prominent (Plate XV. figs. 5-56, 6-66).
Dentition. Inc. *, c. 5, pm. 3, m. =.
An additional external incisor, on each side above, in the young. Upper incisors long, unicuspidate, acute, close to the canines by their bases; upper premolar large, exceeding the molars in vertical extent, and quite close to the canine; last upper molar consisting of a transverse plate only ; first lower premolar small, crushed in between the canine and second premolar, which exceeds the molars in vertical extent. All the molar teeth very strong, with acute cusps.
Range. The Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions. This genus, though difficult to define, and approaching Vesperugo, Keys. & Blas., in many points, especially through certain species of that genus, contains a very natural group of Bats of very wide dis- E Re ee
8. sCcOTOPHILUS. 257 tribution (as above described) throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. They are distinguished specially by possessing a single pair of upper incisors separated by a wide space and placed close to the canines; by the small transverse first lower premolar crushed in between the approximated canine and second premolar, yet standing in the tooth-row ; and, generally, by their short, conical;fiaket-mruzzle, and rather short and narrow ears, by their heavy bodies and strong limbs with remarkably thick and nearly naked leathery membranes, and by their short fur, generally olive- or chestnut-brown above, and yellowish or reddishwhite beneath.
Owing to the wide distribution and variableness in size and colour of the species of this genus, many different names have been given to the same species ; and this variableness and a close external resemblance between different species inhabiting distant countries has caused considerable difficulty in determining species from descriptions either very imperfect or based upon general characters only, such as the colour of the fur and measurements. Synopsis of Subgenera and Species. A. Internal basal lobe of the ear angular, inferior margin straight, forming with the ascending margin almost a right angle ; tragus with a narrow prominent ridge sae across its front surface from the base of its inner margin...........4.. Subgen. ScoropHiLvs. a. Upper incisors close to canines; premaxillary bones very narrow, leaving a wide space between them in front, nasal opening very large.
a’. Cingulum of the upper incisors very narrow.
a. Forearm 2'-3—2"45 .........0.. 1. Se. temminckit, p. 258. b’. Cingulum of the upper incisors forming a broad horizontal shoulder behind.
B. Forearm 2" ......cee eee c einer 2. Se. borbonicus, p. 260. y. Forearm 34 0.0... cece eee 8. Se. gigas, p. 261. B. Internal basal lobes of the ear convex, evenly rounded ; front surface of the tragus smooth ....... scence eens Subgen. ScorEInvs. a, Ears nearly as long as the head, internal basal lobe commencing in a long lobule projecting backwards; forearm : Dee er Se trauidus toa teste e ousie alate a Seal ths 4, Se. emarginatus, p. 262. b. Ears much shorter than the head, internal hasal lobe commencing in a short lobule.
a’. Cingulum of the upper incisors with a small cusp posteriorly ; forearm Ou 5. Se. rueppellia, p. 268.
gh Pike Roe ag See Re ee ae Yee, s
258 VESPERTILIONID.
b'. Cingulum of the upper incisors without a posterior cusp.
u. Lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaws; forearm PEDforeestenetcisSerceclavscreutararestake6.Se.greyit,p.263. 8. Lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaws ; forearm EAS Sats aa snesivele ays Mavatel helen icici 7. Se. pallidus, p. 264. ce. Upper incisors separated from the canines by a short space ; premaxillary bones more developed ; nasal opening small. Subgen. ScoroManes. e’. Cingulum of the upper incisors with a distinct cusp posteriorly ; forearm DBD, econ tana a ann enLGr esa Sees eF OES 8. Se. ornatus, p. 265. 1. Scotophilus temminckii.
? Scotophilus kuhlii, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 71 (1822). Vespertilio temminckii, Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java (1824). Vespertilio belangeri et noctulinus, Is. Geoff., Bélang. Voy. aux Indes Orient. (1834) pp. 87 & 92, pl. 3.
Vespertilio castaneus, Gray, Ilustr. Indian Zool. Scotophilus temminckii, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 497; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 370; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 120, figs. a, b.
Nycticejus temminckii, Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 149 ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. i. B 541 (1841), v. p. 764 (1855) ; Cantor, J. A.S. B. 1846, xv. p. 185; Blyth, J..A.S. B. 1851, p. 157; Hors- Jield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. I. Comp. p. 87 (1851); Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 31 (1863).
Nycticejus luteus, Blyth, J..A. S..B.xx. p. 157, xxi. p. 346; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 765 (1855).
Nycticejus flaveolus, Blyth, Horsfieldin Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. I. Comp. p. 87 (1851).
Muzzle thick, obtusely conical; head slightly raised above the faceline; glandular prominences between the eyes and nose small, not causing a depression on the muzzle above. ars short, narrow, and rounded at the tips; the inner basal lobe square below, the horizontal part of its margin straight, forming a right angle with the ascending portion, the lower half of the ascending part of the inner margin straight or even faintly concave, the upper half convex, the tip not projecting outwards; from the summit of the ear the outer margin slants slightly outwards and downwards for a short distance, then becomes straight and slightly reflected outwards as far as a point opposite the base of the tragus, where it is deeply emarginate, and beyond which it terminates in a very convex short lobe. Tragus narrow, attenuated towards the tip, acutely pointed, much curved forwards and inwards ; the lower third of the outer margin straight, with a distinct small horizontal lobule at the base, the upper two thirds convex; inner margin concave; from the base of the inner margin a narrow prominent ridge passes outwards and slightly upwards across the anterior surface of the tragus to the outer margin.
8. scoTOPHILUS. 259 Wing-membrane attached to the side of the foot near the base of the toes ; postcalcaneal lobe narrow; extremity of the tail projecting.
On the upper surface the fur of the body is almost wholly confined to the body, scarcely extending in any direction upon the wingmembrane ; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with fine hairs as far as a line drawn from the elbow- to the knee-joint ; the interfemoral is naked, except where a few scattered hairs appear at the base of the tail.
The colour of the fur varies very much in different individuals, and according to season and age. It appears to vary, however, within certain limits. Generally dark olive-brown above, and reddish or yellowish-white beneath ; in some specimens deep chestnut throughout, or the inferior surface is bright chestnut or rich canary-colour.
In fully adult and aged animals the skull is thick, with prominent crests ; the occipital and sagittal crests form at their junction a thick projecting process, from which the skull slopes evenly downwards and forwards to the end of the nasal bones in front (Plate XX. figs. 6, 6a) ; occiput concave, with prominent occipital crest ; facial bones much shortened in front of the infraorbital foramina, which are large and well defined; the bony palate very narrow behind the last molar, extending backwards as far as the middle of the zygomatic arches ; basioccipital between cochlez broad ; cochlee partially concealed by the tympanic bulle ; paroccipital and mastoid processes well developed, prominent.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3'"1, tail 2-1, head 1”, ear 0'°65, tragus 0'°38x0'"1, forearm 2'°3, thumb 0°38, third finger 3'°65, fifth finger 25, tibia 0':9, foot 0'°45. Specimens of this species vary as much in length as they do in colour. Those from the islands of the Malay Archipelago are generally smaller than those from the continent of Asia. Hab. The Oriental Region (Peninsula of India, Ceylon, Burma, Southern China, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippine Islands). a. 3 juv,, al. No locality.
(Type of Scotophilus kuhlit, Leach.)
b. Sd imm., al. Affghanistan. Dr. Horsfield [P.]. (Labelled Scotophilus fulvus. ) ce. ad. sk. Barrackpore, Bengal.
d, S$ ad., al. Barrackpore, Bengal.
e. ad. sk. Calcutta. General Hardwicke fol Ao &&Qad,al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, roy [P.].
h-k. ad. sks. India. Captain Boys [C.].
Ln. ad. sks. India. Mr. Bartlett [C.].
o-u. ad. sks. India House Collection.
v. ad. sk. India.
w. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].
a. fo ad., al. tates Mr. Cuming.
. wy al. eylon.
s ¢ "ak. Pinang. : Dr. Th. Cantor {Pd d-c. 6 & Q ad. al. Tenasserim Province. Dr. Oldham [F. : 5 ‘J
260 VESPERTILIONIDE, d'. ad. sk. Java. Dr. R. K. Greville [P.]. e'. ad. sk. Java.
Ff. ad. sk. Flores. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. g'. dad, al. Negros. “Purchased.
hy’, 6& Qad.,al. Erumango. Mr. Cuming [C.]. ki-m'. Q ad., al. Philippine Islands. Mr. ag C.). n’. g ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc, Collection. o'-q'. 6 & @ ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.]. n. dad, al. Zool, Soc. Collection.
s'. ® ad., al. Sir A. Smith [P.].
#. @ ad., al. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
uw. d imm., al.
vv", skulls.
y',s'. skeletons.
Var. a.
Scotophilus heathii, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 122, fig. (1876).
Nycticejus heathii, Horsfield, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 113. In general form and size very similar to Sc. temminckii, but in all measurements longer; the forearm, thumb, and tail are relatively longer, and the crown of the head appears less elevated above the face-line. The muzzle also seems more conical, owing to the greater breadth and more rounded form of the face. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3’*2, tail 2’°5, head 1’"1, ear 0°75 x 0'"5, tragus 0°38 x 0'"1, forearm 2'°45, thumb 0°45, third finger 4", fifth finger 2°75, tibia 1", foot 05. Hab. Peninsula of India (Coromandel and Malabar coasts ; Rajanpur, Punjab frontier); Ceylon. :
a. Q ad., al, India. General Hardwicke [C.]. bd § ad., al. India. General Hardwicke [C. }. ce. ad. sk. Captain Boys [C.].
d. 2 ad., al. No history.
e. skull. Captain Boys [C.].
f. skull of a, 2. Scotophilus borbonicus.
? Vespertilio nigrita, Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 171, pl. 58 (1775). Vespertilio borbonicus, Geoff. Ann. du Mus. i, p. 201, pl. 46 (1800). Nycticejus leucogaster, Cretzschmar, Riippell, Atlas, Reise nérdl. Afrika, Zoolog. (1826), p.71, pl. 28a; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 153 (1840); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i, p.543. Vespertilio dinganii, Snuth, S. African Quart. Journ. 1832, p. 27. Scotophilus dinganii, Smith, Illustr. S. African Zoologg, pl. 53. Nycticejus dinganii, Wagner, op. cit. v. p. 769 (1855). Nycticejus planirostris et viridis, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. pp. 65-67 (1852); Wagner, l.c. pp. 769, 770. Seotophilus borbenicus, Peters, C. von der Decken, Reisen im dquat. Ost-Afrika, p. 7 (1869) ; Dobson, P. Z. 8, 1875, p. 370. Resembles Sc. temminchit very closely in general form, but may be distinguished by the following characters :—The ear is slightly