6. VESPERUGO. 213 length of the foot. Wing-membranes attached tothe ankles. Postcalcaneal lobe large, semicircular, placed on the calcaneum at a distance from the tibia equal to the breadth of the foot. The last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.
Fur, above and beneath, bright yellowish brown, the hairs paler towards their bases.
Above, the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the kneejomt; the wing-membrane is covered nearly as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint; the interfemoral membrane is clothed nearly as far back as the middle of the tibia; in front the inner side of the ear is covered with short fine hairs, which also appear upon the tragus, and a few upon the reflected outer margin of the conch; beneath, the wing-membrane is rather thickly clothed as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the kneejoint; and a broad band of fine short hairs passes outwards behind the forearm to the carpus*. On the interfemoral membrane the fur extends slightly further than upon the upper surface, but is much shorter.
Inner upper incisor on each side unicuspidate in old individuals, but in those just adult there is a second small cusp placed externally and posteriorly near the extremity of the tooth; the outer incisor short, its summit directed inwards towards the inner incisor, its base nearly double the transverse diameter of that tooth, grooved and hollowed out on the outer side so as to receive in the closed position of the jaws the summit of the cusp of the lower canine (Plate XIII. fig. 2a); lower incisors crowded, overlapping. First upper premolar very small, in the inner angle between the closely approximated canine and second premolar; last upper molar triangular in cross section, equal to half the antepenultimate molar in diameter from before backwards; the second lower premolar slightly higher than the first, and about half the size of the canine (Plate XIII. fig. 2). Hab. Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions, extending from England to Japan, and from the Scandinavian Peninsula to Southern Africa. In Europe generally distributed; in Asia extending from Western Turkestan along the Himalayas and other mountain-ranges to Ceylon, and through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Java; in Africa recorded from the northern parts and from Mozambique, it is probably widely distributed throughout the high lands of that continent.
The distribution of this species is therefore very wide, and only exceeded by that of the Serotine (V. serotinus). (For measurements, see Table, p. 216.)
a. 9. ad., al. Cambridgeshire. Rev. L. Jenyns [P.]. b. 9 ad, al. Stuttgart. Dr. Giinther ; c,d. 2 ad., al. Spain. Lord Lilford [P. }.
e. skeleton, England. Purchased.
* See an excellent representation of this distribution of the fur upon the wing-membrane of V. lasiopterus in Schreber, Siugethiere, i. pl. lviii. B.
214 VESPERTILIONIDE.
f-t. ad. sks. Europe.
J. ad. sk, Algiers. Purchased.
k. & ad, al. Nipal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [ P.]. (Type of Vespertilio labiata, Hodgson.)
1, ad. sk. Ceylon. Zool. Soc. Coll.
m. ad. sk. Singapore. Purchased.
(Noctulinia malaccensis, Gray.)
np, 6 & & ad., al.* Chefoo, China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C. ]g-u. 6& Q al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
x,y. & ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
z-d', skulls. Stuttgart. Dr. Giinther [P.].
e'. skeleton. Stuttgart. Dr. Giinther [P.].
J’. skull of j.
g'. skull. England. Mr. Yarrell’s Coll.
A’. skull. No history.
7’. skeleton. West Africa. Purchased.
Var. a (Vesperugo lasiopterus).
Vespertilio lasiopterus, Schreber, Stiugethiere, pl. lviii. B (1775). Vespertilio molossus, Temm. Monogr. Mamma. ii. p. 269 (1840). Vesperugo molossus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Séugeth. v. p. 738 (1855) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 639; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 90 (1876).
In form and colour of the fur almost quite similar to V. noctula, but differing remarkably in its much greater size and in the extent of hair upon the wings. Ears and tragus precisely as in V. noctula, but very much larger, and the upper half of the surface of the eonch and the flattened and reflected external margin thickly covered with erect hairs; the glandular prominences of the muzzle are greatly developed, and are covered with long straight hairs, which also extend along the lips (Plate XII. fig. 4).
The fur of the abdomen extends upon the wing-membrane very densely as far as a line drawn from the knee to the elbow, and thence outwards posterior to the forearm to the proximal fourth of the metacarpal bone of the third finger; along the fifth metacarpal bone the wing-membrane is covered for nearly one inch in breadth; above and beneath, the interfemoral membrane is densely covered * These specimens from Chefoo, although undoubtedly referable to this species, differ from all other specimens I have ever seen in the following respects :—The outer margin of the ear is very slightly folded backwards, the tragus is larger, and the triangular lobe at the base of its outer margin very acute. The prominences between the nostrils and eyes are much less developed, and the inner margins of the nasal apertures project. Foot smaller and much more slender; the postcalcaneal lobe triangular, not rounded behind. Fur very dark brown, with shining tips throughout. Lower incisors smooth, not trifid.
The completely ossified condition of the extremities of the finger-bones, and the development of the pectoral teats, as well as the slightly worn condition of the teeth, show that the specimens are quite adult. Length, head and body 2'"8, tail 2”, head 0-85, ear 0'65, tragus 0'"25, breadth of tragus 0'"2, length of forearm 2”, thumb 0’°28, third finger 3’"65, fifth finger 2", tibia 0'"75, foot 0'"4.
6. VESPERUGO. 215 with hair as far as the ond of the third caudal vertebra; above, the Wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the knee to the middle of the humerus.
Teeth as in V. noctula; the small first upper premolar often absent.
Hab. Japan; China.
There can be little doubt that the excellent full-sized figures in Schreber’s work, referred to above, were taken from this variety of the Noctule. They correspond in all respects in measurements, and could never have been intended to represent the common form of V. noctula, which, indeed, is drawn of the natural size in plate li. (For comparative measurements of V. noctula, V. lasiopterus, and of V. leisleri, see Table, p. 216.)
a. fo ad., al, M. Lidth de Jeude.
24, Vesperugo leisleri.
bby leisleri, Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk. 1819, Bd. i. p. 47.
Vesperugo leisleri, Keys. & Blas. Wirbelth. Europ. p. 46; Fauna eutschlands, p. 56, figs. 35, 86 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Astat. Chiropt. p. 91 (1877).
Very similar to V. noctula, appearing on a superficial examination to be but a small form of that species. It is, however, easily distinguished by the colour of the fur and by the relative size of the inner and outer upper incisors.
In V. noctula the fur is unicoloured above and beneath, or the colour of the hairs is slightly paler towards their bases, while in this species the terminal one fourth of the hairs above is bright yellowish brown, beneath light brown, the basal three fourths of the fur on both surfaces dark brown. The outer incisor, also, in this species is equal to the inner incisor in cross section at its base, but in V. noctula it is double the size of the same tooth at its base. The lower incisors stand in the direction of the jaws, in V. noctula they are crowded and parallel.
Hab. Europe and the temperate regions of Asia, probably generally distributed throughout the warmer parts of the Palearctic Region. Recorded from Ireland, England, France, Germany, Middle Russia, and the Ural, extending also from Madeira and the Azores through the Alps and other mountain-ranges to the Himalayas.
a,b. 6 & Qad,al. Co. Armagh, Ireland. R. M. Barrington, Esq. [P.]. ce. ad. sk, Warwickshire, R. F. Tomes, Esq. [P.]. d. ad. sk. England. W. E. Leach, M.D. [P.].
e fo ad., al. Azores. F, Godman, Esq. ri f. ad sk. Madeira. A. Hally, Esq. [P.].
g. skull of c.
216 VESPERTILIONID&.
Table showing comparative measurements of Vesperugo leisleri, V. noctula, and V. lasiopterus.
2 3 2 .
z d & | & 3S a Bol eo S g sl. i/3| |B 218/14] 4].
S\2/2/8/2/8/2/8/28/2/8 Ss eo! || Sac sees - ohare :
a) es] =| 5 3) ache Baik) axles, 4 V. leisleri ....... ies 2°3/ 1:65) 0°7|0°6 | 0-2 | 15/025) 2°7| 1:8} 0°65 03 V. noctula ......csc0- 3:0|2:0 | 0°9/ 0°75 0:25} 2:0; 0°3 | 3°7| 2:1] 0°75) 0-45 V. lasiopterus ...... 3-9 | 2-45) 11/09 |0°3 | 28/035 47} 3:0) 0-9 | 06 25, Vesperugo stenopterus.
Vesperugo stenopterus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 470; Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 91 (1876).
Crown of the head very slightly elevated, almost level with the face-line; muzzle broad and flat; labial glandular prominences largely developed, the upper lip symmetrically thickened. Ears short, triangular; the distance between the base of the inner margin and the termination of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth, directly in a line below the eye, is equal to the distance from the base of the inner margin to the summit of the ear; integument forming the conch very thick, especially the lower half of the outer side ; tragus short, broad above, narrow opposite the base of the inner margin, with a triangular lobe at the base of the outer margin. Thumb rather long; feet wholly free from the wing-membrane, which is attached to the tibia a short distance above the ankle; postcalcaneal lobe small; termination of calcaneum indistinct; tip of tail free (Plate XIII. fig. 1).
Fur very short, dark brown throughout; integument and membranes dark brown or black.
The muzzle in front of the eyes, both above and beneath, is almos naked; the ear-conch has some short hairs upon the upper portiort On the dorsal surface the base of the interfemoral alone is covered, and the fur of the body extends upon the interfemoral membrane along the sides of the body only; beneath, the antebrachial membrane has a few hairs; the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, and a band of short hairs passes outwards to the carpus posterior to the forearm; the legs and feet appear quite naked.
6. VESPERUGO. 217 Upper inner incisor, on each side, directed very obliquely forwards, with a second cusp placed posteriorly and externally near its extremity ; outer incisor small, triangular, unicuspidate, parallel and close to the outer side of the base of the inner incisor, the cingulum of which it but slightly exceeds in vertical extent; second premolar separated hy a narrow space (wider in immature specimens), through which with difficulty the small internal first premolar may be seen ; lower incisors crowded in immature specimens*, the sides overlapping; in adults placed in the direction of the jaws, the central and the middle incisor on each side very broad in transverse and narrow in antero-posterior diameter, trifid; the outer incisors conspicuously larger than the others, and much exceeding them in antero-posterior diameter +; lower premolars equal in vertical extent, but the first is in cross section at the base nearly twice the diameter of the second.
Length, head and body 2'':35, tail 1-7, head 0'':75, ear 0'°6 x 0''4, tragus 0':23x0'"15, forearm 1':55, thumb 0'°32; third finger—metacarp. 1'°5, 1st ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0'"7; fourth finger— metacarp. 1':48, Ist ph. 0'"5, 2nd ph. 03; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-3, 1st ph. 0'-28, 2nd ph. 0':2; tibia 0:55, foot 0'°45. Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).
In this species the fourth and fifth fingers, compared with the third, are relatively shorter than in any other species of the genus ; and as the wing-membrane extends only to the distal third of the tibia, the wings are remarkably narrow.
a. oad, al. (type). Sarawak. Mr. Everett [C.].
b. gd imm,, al. Sarawak. Mr. Everett [C.
26. Vesperugo imbricatus.
Vespertilio imbricatus, Horsfield, Zoolog. Researches in Java (1824). Vespertilio macrotis, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 218 (1835— 41).
Vesperugo imbricatus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 93 (1876). Ears as long as the head or slightly longer, broadly rounded off above; the basal lobe of the inner margin rounded, the ascending portion slightly convex ; the upper third of the outer margin flattened, the middle third slightly convex, faintly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating close to the angle of the mouth in a distinct lobe. The tragus is peculiarly shaped and characteristic of this species; in general form regularly cresceutshaped, with a large triangular projection at the base of its outer margin; the inner margin is regularly and rather deeply concave, * The original description of the teeth of this species was taken from an immature specimen in the collection. ie a + Blasius (Fauna Deutschlands) makes use of the position of the lower incisors in the jaw as one of the most important characters in distinguishing species. The different arrangement, however, of these teeth in immature and adult. specimens of /. stenopterus, noted above, throws much doubt on the walue of this character in other species.
218 VESPERTILIONID, the outer margin correspondingly convex, meeting the inner margin at an acute point directed inwards, forming the superior cornu of the crescent. The tragus reaches its greatest width slightly below the middle of the inner margin. Glandular prominences between the eyes and nostrils well developed, causing a slight hollow on the muzzle above. :
Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe small, indistinct; tip of tail projecting; toes rather more than half the length of the foot, armed with feeble claws.
The distribution of the fur upon the wing- and interfemoral membranes is similar to that in V. abramus.
Above dark brown; beneath similar, with slightly ashy tips. Upper inner incisors long, bifid, slanting considerably inwards ; outer incisors unicuspidate, acutely pointed, half the length of the inner incisors, but less than half their transverse diameter. Lower incisors slightly crowded, equal in size, and distinctly trifid. Second upper premolar very close to the canine; first upper premolar very small, its summit scarcely elevated above the gum, crushed in between the canine and second premolar, and not visible from without. First lower premolar acutely pointed, equal to three fourths the second premolar ; second premolar nearly equal to the canine in vertical extent.
Length (of a 2 specimen in alcohol), head and body 1'°8, tail 1-5, head 0-55, ear 0':6, tragus 0:22 012, forearm 1'':35, thumb 0:28, third finger 2''3, fifth finger 1’'-75, tibia 0''-55, foot 0'-25.
Hab. Malay Peninsula (Malacca) ; Java.
a. ad. sk., in al. Malacca.
b. oad, al. Purchased.
27. Vesperugo maurus.
Vesperugo maurus, Blasius, Wiegm. Archiv, 1853, p. 35; Fauna Deutschi. p. 67, figs. 43, 44 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 99, figs. a, 6 (1876).
Scotophilus darwini, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 70. Vesperugo mordax, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 402. Vesperugo pulveratus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 617. Pipistrellus austenianus, Dobson, P. A, S. B. 1871, p. 213. Muzzle broad and flat above, the glandular prominences on each side well developed, increasing the width of the muzzle; nasal orifices opening almost on a level with the front surface of the muzzle, without intervening emargination. Ears broad, triangular, broadly rounded off above; the outer margin straight above for nearly half its length, then slightly convex to the base, terminating midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth ina small lobe; tragus broad, reaching its greatest breadth above the middle of the inner margin, at the base of the outer margin a distinct triangular lobule, succeeded above, immediately below the middle
6. VESPERUGO. 219 of the outer margin, by a second but very small projection, indistinct mm some specimens ; inner margin straight, outer margin parallel to the inner margin, convex above.
Toes about half the length of the whole foot; last caudal vertebra free, or the last and half the antepenultimate vertebra free, fe ged in the smaller specimens of this species from higher latides.
The fur of the body is rather long and dense. In front it extends forwards upon the face as far as a line drawn between the eyes ; behind, it projects over the base of the interfemoral membrane, but does not extend upon it; laterally it covers a very narrow portion of the wing-membrane, above and beneath, along the sides of the body. The interfemoral membrane is naked above, with the exception of a few fine and almost invisible hairs placed along the first and second vertebra ; beneath, it is covered for more than two thirds its extent with short greyish hairs, thickest at the root of the tail.
Above and beneath deep black or very dark brown, the extreme tips of the hairs on the posterior half of the back greyish, so that the fur here appears minutely powdered over with white; beneath, the tips of all the hairs are greyish. Cutaneous system black; the nose, ears, and naked glandular prominences of the upper lip are intensely black.
Upper incisors nearly equal in length; the inner incisor on each side bifid, its outer and shorter cusp directed slightly backwards, and in a plane posterior to the outer incisor, which equals or somewhat exceeds it in vertical extent; lower incisors crowded, overlapping ; first upper premolar small, quite internal to the tooth-row, in the small northern forms not visible, but in the larger animals from Southern Asia visible from without; second premolar close to the canine.
Length, head and body 1'"9, tail 13, tail free from membrane 0-12, ear 0-62, tragus 0':23, forearm-1'°35, thumb 0'°25, third finger 2''-2, fifth finger 1'-6, tibia 0'55, foot 0'°3. Specimens from India and Java are conspicuously larger, and have forearms and tails 1-6 long; the extremities of the tails also do not project so much as in the smaller examples of this species from higher latitudes. (See my remarks on this species in Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 101.)
Hab. The Palearctic and Oriental Regions, extending from the Canary Islands (Palma, Teneriffe) and Middle Europe (Switzerland, the Tyrol) to China (Pekin, Amoy, Cochin China), India (Khasia Hills), and the Malay Archipelago (Java).
: d., al. Palma. Rev. R. T. Lowe [P.].
oy eee (Type of Scotophilus darwint, Tomes.
b. dad, al. Teneriffe. Cambridge Museum.
ce. ad. sk. Amoy, China. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [P.].
(Type of Vesperugo pulveratus, Peters.)
d. skull. Deccan, India.
220 VESPERTILIONID.E, 28. Vesperugo affinis.
Pipistrellus affinis, Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 218. Vesperugo affinis, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 102, tigs, a, b (1876).
Head flat ; glands of the upper lip so developed as to cause a deep depression between them on the face behind the nostrils. Measured from behind, the ears are as broad as long; their inner margins are convex, and the tips broadly rounded; the outer margin of the ear extends from the tip to its termination near the angle of the mouth without emargination, and without forming a lobe of any kind; from the angle of the mouth it is separated by a small wart covered with long hairs. The tragus is of the shape so common in the species of this subgenus; its inner margin is straight, its outer convex upwards; and at its base the usual small triangular lobe is placed. The nostrils open sublaterally ; and in the centre of the slightly emarginate space between them a narrow ridge passes down to the upper lip, as in the greater number of species of the section of the genus to which this belongs.
The wing-membrane is attached to the base of the outer toe, which is shorter than the others. The tail is long, of nine vertebre, the last free. The feet are small, the toes slender and almost naked. Above, the fur of the head extends upon the face, above the eyes, as far as the glandular prominences of the upper lip; the remaining parts of the face are almost naked; anteriorly the ear-conch has a few fine scattered hairs ; posteriorly about half the posterior surface from the base upwards is densely covered. The distribution of the fur upon the wing-membranes is very limited on the upper surface, being confined to a narrow space along the sides of the body; beneath, its extent is greater, and a few tine greyish hairs are ranged along parallel lines nearly as far outwards as a line joining the elbowand knee-joints. The fur of the body does not extend upon the interfemoral membrane, which has but a few almost invisible hairs scattered over the anterior half of the upper surface, and is covered beneath by very fine short greyish hairs, arising from the dots on the transverse dotted lines.
On the upper surface chocolate-brown, lighter on the head and neck ; beneath, dark brown, with light brown or ashy tips; on the pubes and along the thighs dirty white or very pale buff. Incisors nearly equal in vertical extent ; outer incisors acutely pointed ; first upper premolar minute, acutely pointed, placed inside the line of teeth and not distinguishable from without. The single specimen, an adult female preserved in spirit, from which the above description is taken was obtained by Dr. Anderson at an elevation of about 4500 feet, at Bhamo, Yunan. Length, head and body 1-9, tail 1-65, head 0'-75, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'-25, forearm 1°55, thumb 0:25, third finger 2-8, fifth finger 2”, tibia 0'°6, foot 03.
Hab. Bhamo, Yunan.
This species is closely allied to 7”. maurus, which it resembles in