12. MOLOssUs. 413 active circulation is visible through the internal skin when this is opened, giving the appearance of inflammation. He also found that the males and females live apart, even when inhabiting the same tree. In the hollow trunk of a palm two colonies were discovered, one consisting of from 150 to 200 individuals exclusively males, while the other was composed of females, with a male here and there among them.
a,b. 6 & 9 ad., al. Cuba. W. S. Macleay, Esq. Ps o-g. d & 9 ad., al. Hayti. J. Hearne, Esq. [P. ]. h, t. ad. sks. Jamaica. J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. J, k. ad. sks Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Fisq. [C.]. l-g. gd ad., al Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [ C.]. r fad, al Mt. Edgecombe, Ja- P. H. Gosse, Esq. te : maica.
s. 9 ad., al Jamaica. J. Bell, Esq. [P.j. (Type of Molossus fuliginosus, Gray.) t. gad, al Isle of St. Thomas. Capt. Sawyer [P.}. u. 3 ad, al. Isle of St. Lucia. Miss R. Alexander | P.]. vw. d& Pad,al. «. Isle of Grenada. Purchased. x. f ad, al Trinidad. Purchased. y. ad. sk. VeraPaz,Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.}. z. 9 ad., al South America. Sir R.Schomburgk [ P.}. a’. gad, al British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [ P. ] b,c’. dad, al British Guiana. Purchased. d'. 3 ad., al South America. Mr. Brandt [C.]. e’. 9 ad, al. Surinam. Purchased. fh. S&F ad, al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C.]. v—n’. imm. & ad. sks. Pernambuco. J.P.G.Smith, Esq. [P.]. o', p’. ad. sks. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.]. (Labelled Molossus fulvus, Gray.) gt’. & @ ad., al.
u'. 9 ad., al.
v'-2'. ad. sks.
y'. 2 imm., al.
z'. 2 ad., al a". f ad., al b". fad. sk ", 9 ad, al d". 2 ad., al e". 9 ad., al "hl", ad. sks.
fr ad. sk.
jy". ad. sk.
K',l'. 8 & Q ad., al. m'-o". § & juv. etad., al. p',g' E&P ad, al.
ris". fo ad., al.
t''-v"'. ad. sks.
w". ad. sk.
az", y' skulls.
s'—b'", skulls of f'-h". ce’. skeleton.
Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P. ]. Portobello. Lords of the Admiralty [P.
Bahia. ae deCastelnau[ P. ]. Santarem, Amazons. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C]. Upper Amazons. Purchased. Brazil. (MM. velov, Gray.) Brazil. Mrs. Parker [P.]. Ecuador. — Bollaert, Esq. [P.]. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C. ]. Huasampilla, Peru Purchased. (9000 feet).
Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.]. St. George Mivart, Esq. P Mr. Fraser [C.].
M., Lidth de Jeude [C.]. Earl of Derby [P.}.
Bermuda. T. Cottle, Esq. [P.]. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]- Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, E:q. [C.].
414 EMBALLONURID.E.
2 2-2 ; :
Ine. j, pm. sy; ears united; tragus linear or quadrate. (Subgenus Promops, Gervais.)
5. Molossus nasutus.
Molossus nasutus, Spia, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 58, pl. xxv. fig. vii. (1823); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 578, pl. figs. 4, 4c (skull); Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 711.
Molossus fumarius, Spiz, J. c. figs. v. and vi.
Promops ursinus, Gervars (non Spiz), Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, Mammif. p. 59, pl. xii. figs, 8, 38. a (dentition) (1855). Ears much shorter than the head ; laid forwards the inner margin of the conch extends slightly further than halfway between the eye and end of the muzzle; inner margins less than one tenth of an inch apart at their bases, uniting on the muzzle in a prominent rounded ridge, which ends abruptly at a short distance behind and above the nostrils; inner and outer margins of the ear-conch continuous, forming almost an arc of a circle; ear-keel short, thickened, but not expanded beneath, clothed posteriorly with short hairs; antitragus circular, with a narrow base, as in MZ. rufus, but thickened and expanded above and posteriorly, so that its very convex superior and posterior margin projects backwards considerably beyond its base; tragus very small, asin M. rufus, with a minute projection at the outer side of its base; muzzle very obtuse in front, nearly vertically truncated; nostrils directed forwards and slightly outwards, connected above by an ill-defined ridge, which does not extend downwards between them; the wide space between the nostrils and the margin of the upper lip occupied by a quadrilateral patch of thickly spread short hairs, the sides of the muzzle almost naked. A large gular sac in male, as in M. rufus (Plate XXI. fig. 2). Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane deep, including quite three fourths of the tail.
Fur moderately long, but conspicuously longer than in M. rufus ; dark brown above, paler beneath; the base of the hairs whitish on both surfaces. On the upper surface a band of short fur, commencing in a narrow line at the beginning of the middle third of the forearm, increases in width outwards so as to cover the proximal third of the fifth metacarpal bone and the fourth of the fourth metacarpal, occupying also the portion of wing-membrane between; beneath, the wing-membrane, between the humerus and femur, is thickly covered, and a band of fur 0'"3 wide extends outwards behind the forearm to the fifth metacarpal bone and to the wing-membrane beyond it, covering half the bone.
Upper ‘incisors touching by their inner margins, their summits slightly separated ; the broad base of each tooth nearly fills up the interval between the canine and the centre of the intercanine space, and develops externally a small basal cusp which touches the cingulum of the canine; lower incisors very small, in the space in front of the projecting cingula of the closely approximated lower canines, the middle pair bifid, the outer incisors very small and
12. motLossus. 415 between them and the canines; first upper premolar minute, quite external to the tooth-row ; the second premolar much exceeding the molars in vertical extent, and close to the canine; first lower premolar about one third the size of the second, standing in the tooth-row.
Length (of an adult ¢'), head and body 3'"1, tail 2'-1, free from membrane 0"*7, head 09, ear 06, tragus 0°08 x 0'-02, forearm 2", thumb 0'°3; third finger—metacarp. 2'"05, 1st. ph. 0'"95, 2nd ph. 0-95 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 2”, 1st ph. 0°75, 2nd ph. 015; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-2, Ist. ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph. 0'°22; tibia 0'"7, foot 0-4.
Hab. Brazil; Central America (Guatemala).
This species is quite intermediate between M. rufus (subg. Molossus) and M. abrasus (subg. Promops), agreeing with the former in the form of the ear and even in the distribution of the fur, with the latter in the form and number of the teeth. a. J ad, al. Duefias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 6. Molossus abrasus.
? Molossus ater, Geoffroy, Annal. du Mus. vi. p. 153 (1805). Dysopes abrasus, Zemminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 232 (1827) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. i. p. 475 (1844). Dysopes longimanus, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 367. Dysopes leucopleura, Wagner, l.c.; Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, . 73 (1854).
Moiouens ti Feters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 574; Dobson, P. Z. &. 1876, p. 712.
Ears much shorter than the head, but conspicuously larger than in M. rufus, united by their bases only on the muzzle at a point equally distant from the anterior commissure of the eyelids and the nostrils; outer and inner margins of the ear regularly convex, forming together almost a perfect arc of a circle; antitragus halfcordate, with a broad base, separated behind by a deep notch; keel of the ear-conch well-developed, thickened, and expanded externally in lower half (Plate XXI. fig. 3); tragus minute, linear, subacutely pointed, slightly larger than in M. rufus, but with a broad base. Muzzle obtuse; nasal apertures directed forwards and slightly outwards, the end of the nose scarcely projecting beyond the margin of the upper lip, which is separated from the margin of the nostrils by a space less wide than in M. rufus; the external margins of the nostrils more prominent than in that species, and continued upwards and inwards above the nasal apertures and downwards between them in a conjoined ridge to the margin of the lip; the upper margin of the nasal disk thus formed on each side is finely and evenly toothed, and the internasal ridge covered with short spoon-shaped hairs, similar to those forming a broad patch between the nostrils and upper lip in M/. rufus, but strictly limited to this ridge ; the margin of the upper lip in front is fringed with straight hairs.
416 EMBALLONURIDA.
Wings from the ankles or from the tibie slightly higher up. Gular sac distinct in males, rudimentary in females (Plate XXI. fig. 3). Fur short, and intensely black above and beneath. The muzzle in front of the ears is nearly naked, also the inferior surface of the lower jaw. The fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane above almost as far asa line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint; beneath, as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur; a small patch of fur appears on the upper surface of the antebrachial membrane near the forearm, and the base of the interfemoral is covered, but the remainder of the membranes are naked.
Upper incisors close together, parallel ; lower incisors very small, bifid, the outer incisor on each side concealed between the middle incisor and the base of the canine; inner basal cusps of the lower canines almost touching behind the incisors, as in Ml. rufus. First upper premolar very small, scarcely raised above the gum, and scarcely visible without the aid of a lens, in the small space between the canine and second premolar, but close to the outer margin of that space; in another specimen this small premolar is larger and outside the tooth-row, though a narrow space still intervenes between the canine and the second premolar.
Length (of an adult 2), head and body 3''-25, tail 1''8, tail free from membrane 0'9, head 1'°15, ear 0'°8, tragus 0'"12, forearm 2"-45, thumb 0'-45; third finger—metacarp. 2'':4, first ph. 1'-1, second ph. 1'°3; fourth finger—metacarp. 2''°3, first ph. 0'9, second ph. 0'':4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1" 2, first ph. 0’°8, second ph. 0'°35; tibia 0-7, foot 0''-4.
Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso ; Barrado Rio Negro) ; Surinam ; Peru. This species at first sight resembles M. rufus, with which it nearly agrees in size and colour; but the very different form of the antitragus and muzzle at once distinguish it.
a Q ad., al. Coban. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
b. ad. sk. Central America. Purchased.
ce. ad. sk. Demerara. Sir R.Schomburgk ([P. ].
de. 6 & 9 ad., al. Surinam. Purchased.
f. ad. sk. Cayenne.
‘g. Q ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
h. Q ad., al. :
i. skeleton. Coban, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.}. 7. Molossus perotis.
Dysopes perotis, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. ii. (1825) p, 227; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 478, v. p. 708; Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 68 (1854).
Dysopes rufus, Temm. (non Geoffr.), Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 280 a 35-41).
Dysopes (Molossus) gigas, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1864, p. 381. Molossus (Promops) perotis, Peters, J. ec. 1865, p. 574. Molossus perotis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p- 7 13. Ears very large, united in front; laid forwards they extend beyond the extremity of the nose; the outer and inner margins of
12. MoLossus. 417 the ear-conch regularly circular; antitragus much longer than high, convex, separated posteriorly by an angular notch; tragus quadrate with rounded angles, no prominent lobule at the base of the outer margin; keel of the ear-conch well developed, thickened and flattened externally.
Muzzle very obliquely truncated, the extremity of the nose projecting much beyond the retracted upper lip, which is also concealed by a fringe of short hairs; nasal apertures directed forwards and downwards; the cartilaginous sharply cut edges of the nostrils projecting laterally and above, terminating the muzzle in front; sides of the face behind the eyes in front of the ears much flattened, in front of the eyes prominent, convex, concealing the eyes when viewed anteriorly ; lips smooth, without vertical wrinkles; sides of the lips very thick, the outer edge exceeding the inner in length, fringed with short fine hairs.
Gular sac large in male, rudimentary in female. Wings from the lower end of the tibia.
Fur above reddish brown, paler, almost buff, at the base of the hairs ; beneath much paler.
On the upper surface the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; and a band of fur extends from the commencement of the middle third of the forearm along its posterior margin to the metacarpal bone of the fourth finger, covering one third of its length, and passing across it to the angle between it and the metacarpal of the third finger; beneath, the wing-membrane external to the humerus is naked. First upper premolar minute, in the outer angle between the canine and second premolar ; lower incisors crowded, bifid. Length, head and body about 5”, tail 2''8, ear 1-5, tragus 0’-2x0'"1, forearm 2''-9, thumb 0':45; third finger—metacarp. 3", lst ph. 1-35, 2nd ph. 1'"6; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'9, Ist ph. 1-15, 2nd ph. 0''25; fifth finger—metacarp. 1''-65, 1st ph. 0'-9, 2nd ph. 0'°35; foot 0'-65.
Hab. Brazil (Lagoa Santa, Parahyba, Barra do Rio Negro) ; Bolivia.
a. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
b. ad. sk. Bolivia. My. Bridges [C. ].
ce. skull of b.
8. Molossus glaucinus.
Dysopes glaucinus, Natt., Wagner, Wregm. Archiv, 1843, p. 368; Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 710 (1855); Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p.73 (1854); Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1866, p 22, Molossus ferox, Gundlach, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p.149; Peters, lc. 1865, p. 574.
Molossus glaucinus, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1876, p. 714, fig. 2. In the form of the muzzle and ears very similar to the preceding species, but the ears are comparatively much smaller; laid forwards the inner margin of the ear-conch reaches to within one tenth of an 25
418 EMBALLONURID.E.
inch from the extremity of the muzzle; inner margins of the ears united by their bases on the muzzle at a point nearer to the extremity of the nose than to the anterior commissure of the eyelids ; outer and inner margins of the conch regularly convex; antitragus separated by a deep and narrow emargination, commencing anteriorly in a plane slightly above the angle of the mouth; tragus small, quadrate, superior margin straight, outer and inner margins concave, no projecting lobule at the base of the outer margin; keel of the ear-conch as in M. perotis, terminating posteriorly and inferiorly in a deep and thick flattened ridge, which is in the same perpendicular line with, and almost touches, the antitragus.
A small gular sac in male, rudimentary in female; opening directed downwards and slightly forwards.
Wings from the ankles.
Distribution of fur upon the wing-membranes as in I. perotis. Above, light brown at the base of the hairs, then chestnut-brown, the extreme tips greyish, so that the upper surface appears altogether grey; beneath similarly coloured, but much paler. Upper and lower incisors as in JM. perotis; the first upper premolar scarcely elevated above the gum, in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar.
Length (of an adult 2), head and body 3'"1, tail 2'-15, tail free from membrane 1”, head 1'2, ear 0-9, tragus 0'"12, forearm 2'35, thumb 0-35; third finger—metacarp. 2'°35, lst ph. 1", 2nd ph. 1-2; fourth finger—metacarp. 2-25, 1st ph. 0”:85, 2nd ph. 0:3; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-2, Ist ph. 0'°75, 2nd ph. 0°35; tibia 0'°8, foot 0"°5.
Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso) ; Surinam; Jamaica; Cuba. This is the Chestnut Mastiff Bat of Gosse*, by whom its habits have been observed in Jamaica. He remarks :—‘“ Soon after sunset we hear the scrambling of little claws along the plaster (in the loft above) gradually tending towards the point where the hole under the eaves is situated..... I judge that they crawl along one after another in a straight line to the outlet, in parties... .. The family assured me that, after the Mastiff Bats had emerged a few hours, they invariably returned into the hole again: and they several times directed my attention to them when returning. They return between & and 9 o’clock, and issue forth again before the morning twilight.
«“ When handled its impatience of confinement is manifested by a continuous schreeching, not very loud, but excessively harsh and shrill. The ears are commonly so pendent as completely to cover the eyes; but they are occasionally retracted so as to expose the eyes, especially if the face be touched. There is a gland on the throat with an orifice capable of admitting a small. straw; it emits a very rank odour. This orifice is manifest in the female no less than in the male; but I could not detect any odour from it in the former, even though irritated by the insertion of the head of a pin.”
* ‘A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica,’ p. 159 (1851).
12. Moxossvs. 419 a, f ad,, al. Jamaica. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}. b. 9 ad., al. Jamaica, P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.]. (The Chestnut Mastiff Bat referred to by Gosse, op. cit.) ef ad., al. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
(Red Mastiff Bat of Gosse, op. cit.)
d, ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, Esq. [C.].
. ad. sk. Jamaica. Mr. Cuming [C. ].
f. ad. sk. Ecuador. M. Delabrée Bonaparte.
g. 3d ad. sk. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].
A. skull of g.
9. Molossus bonariensis.
Promops bonariensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1874, p. 232, pl. Molossus bonariensis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 715. Ears united by a deeper band than in WM. glaucinus; ear-conch as broad as high; antitragus broader than high, convex ; tragus quadrate, as in the preceding species; muzzle obliquely truncated; extremity of the nose almost double as broad as the base of the antitragus ; upper lip with a few shallow vertical wrinkles. Wing-membrane from the ankles.
Fur rather short, somewhat shorter above than beneath. Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; a few short hairs extend along the posterior margin of the forearm; above, the outer half of the antebrachial membrane is covered with short woolly hairs, and a band of similar hairs passes outwards behind the forearm, becoming gradually so broad as to cover almost half the metacarpal bone of the last finger. Above, reddish brown, the base of the hairs whitish ; paler beneath, the extremities of the hairs brownish white. The skull agrees in size with that of M. nasutus, Spix; but the facial portion is much longer and the brain-case wider than in that species. Upper incisor on each side with a short outer basal cusp, and separated from the canine by a slight interval ; first upper small premolar in the space between the canine and second premolar.
Length, head and body 3”, tail 1:4, tail free from membrane 0-65, head 1”, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'°12, forearm 1'8, thumb 0'°34 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'-8, 1st ph. 0”°7, 2nd ph. 0:65; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-7, 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 02; fifth finger— metacarp. 0'°65, 1st ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0-15; tibia 0'-55, foot 0'"-44.
Hab. Buenos Ayres.
I have not seen the single specimen (as yet obtained) of this recently described species. I have therefore been obliged to translate Prof. Peters’s original description, which is accompanied by an excellent plate.
282
420 EMBALLONURID.&.
13. NYCTINOMUS.
Nyctinomus, Geoffroy, Descript. de Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812); Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java; Gray, May. Zool. & Bot. ii. (1838) p. 500; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 573; Dobson, P. ZS. 1876, p. 716.
Dinops, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. de’ Lett, p. 230 (1825) ; Bullet. des Scien. Nat. viii. p. 286 (1826).
Dysopes, Cretzschmar (non Illiger), Riippell, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Zoolog. (1826) p. 69; Temminck (in part), Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 226 (1835-41), Ears united on the muzzle, or close together by the bases of their inner margins; tragus short, quadrate or rounded off above, never linear; extremity of the muzzle broad, very obliquely truncated, projecting considerably beyond the lower lip, terminated by the sharply cut margin of the nostrils ; upper lip very expansible, generally deeply grooved with vertical wrinkles; wings and feet as in Molossus.
eee eal pa eee ee 3-3 or 2 Dentition. Inc. 3 or 3, ¢. 5; PM. 55 OT 55, M. 5-5. Premaxillary bones separate in front, or conjoined by cartilage only ; upper incisors close to the canines by their bases, separate in front, their cusps converging inwards and forwards. Range. Generally distributed throughout the tropical and warmer parts of the temperate zones of both hemispheres. Synopsis of the Species.
2-2 I. Premolars 5—.
a. Integument of the ears thick, opaque; keel of the ear-conch thickened in lower third ; antitragus separated by a deep notch.
a’. Lips smooth ; inner margins of the ears arising from the muzzle by distinct points of origin ; tragus broad, rounded off above. a, Antitragus irregularly quadrate ; fore- [p. 422. arm 2"5 ; lower incisors 4........ 1. M. africanus, b'. Lips furrowed by deep vertical wrinkles. a". Ears separate or conjoined at the bases of their inner margins only; tragus broad, rounded off above.
a". Ears conjoined at the bases of their inner margins; gular sac distinct in ¢. 8. Antitragus obliquely _ triangular, rounded; forearm 2’4; lower in- [p. 423. CISOTS2Orsienevaroggstitreawacononereent2.N.cestonit, b'". Ears separate; no gular sac.
y. Antitragus half-oval. [p. 424.
a’. Forearm 1-95; lower incisors 4.. 3. WN. eyyptiacus, B'. Forearm 2"; lower incisors6.... 4. MN. tragatus, b”. Ears conjoined by a more or less deep [p. 424. band; tragus small; no gular sac.