2. PTEROPUS. 29 7. Pteropus aneiteanus.
Spectrum anetianum, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 101 (1870).
Muzzle much shorter than in Pt. dasymallus ; ears slightly shorter than the muzzle; the ear-conch almost naked, but more than half concealed by the long fur of the neck and side of the head, inner and outer margins equally slanting inwards above to form the narrowly rounded tip. Interfemoral membrane scarcely developed in the centre, quite concealed by the long woolly fur. Face, head, chin, and throat dark brown, the extremities of the hairs pale brown or shining; back of the head, nape, and collar bright reddish brown; shoulders and anterior part of the back pale yellow; back reddish brown, with paler extremities, becoming yellowish brown posteriorly ; chest and abdomen dark brown, sides of the body reddish brown.
Fur, above long and woolly ; on the back nearly as long as that on the neck and shoulders, and not appressed, extending outwards thickly upon the humerus and forearm, and, posteriorly, upon the legs to the ankles, but leaving the feet naked, and densely clothing the short interfemoral membrane; beneath the tibie are nearly naked. Facial bones much shorter than in Pt. dasymallus (see Table, p- 30), although the distance from the occipital crest to the supraorbital foramen is the same in both species; upper incisors nearly equal; lower outer incisors more than double the size of the inner incisors, which are not separated by a space in the centre; first upper premolar as large as one of the inner lower incisors, persistent, nearly filling up the space between the canine and second premolar by its base; second upper premolar and third lower premolar with a small antero-internal basal cusp, as in Pt. jubatus ; premolars and molars (except first premolar and last molar) acutely tubercular (vide Plate IV. fig. 2), more so than in any other species of the genus, each tooth with prominent external and internal cusps and a well-defined cingulum, forming a small antero-internal basal cusp in front, a raised ridge on the inner side of the tooth, and a transverse ridge behind ; last upper molar not larger than one of the outer lower incisors, and scarcely more than half the size of the first lower premolar, which quite fills up the space between the canine and second premolar ; last lower molar very small and circular, scarcely larger than one of the middle lower incisors.
Length, head 2'-3, ear 0'-8, eye from tip of nostril 0'-8, forearm 4"-5, thumb 2", first finger 3!"4; second finger—metacarp. 3!"1, Ast ph. 2/4, 2nd ph. 3-6; fourth finger—metacarp. 3'3, Ist ph. 1-6, 2nd ph. 1/65 ; tibia 2-2, caleaneum 0!'-4, foot 1-5. Hab. New Hebrides (Aneiteum Island).
This species is at once distinguished by the very peculiar character of its teeth, of which the premolars and molars are more acutely tubercular than in any other species of the genus. In the following Table the measurements of the skull of Pt. anciteanus are compared with those of Pt. dasymallus and Pt. pselaphon :—
30 PTEROPODIDA.
Pt. dasy-| Pt. psela-| Pt.aneitemallus. | phon, anus.
Extreme length from occipital crest to end of; in. in. in. Maal PONES* sche cessadiosasantieevaectetieeeeeese 2°45 2°45 2:2 Breadth across zygomatic arches ............44. 1:25 14 1:3 Length from supraorbital foramen to extremity Of nasal DONS: cSanccese.secscclssworss sees aan aeees 11 0:95 0°85 From infraorbital foramen to extremity of masal hones: cacveescesscetstansewustetaeceseonenes 0°75 0°65 0-55 Space occupied by last four upper molars...... 07 07 0-6 Space occupied by last four lower molars ...... 08 0°83 07 a,b, 3 and 9 ad. sks. (type). Aneiteum Island. J. Macgillivray [C.]. c,d. & ad. sks. Aneiteum Island. F. M.Rayneyr, Esq.[P. }. e. skull of a.
Kg @skulls. Aneiteum Island. J. Macgillivray [C.]. A. imm. skull. Aneiteum Island.
z, skull of e.
8. Pteropus molossinus.
Pteropus molossinus, Temminck, Lsquiss. Zool. sur la ebte de Guiné, p- 62 (1853) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 332. About the size of Pt. rubricollis, resembling Pt. pselaphon in the colour and quality of the fur, but differing remarkably from both in dentition and in the distribution of the fur.
Ears very narrow, small, and acutely pointed, scarcely longer than the fur of the head, but nearly naked. Interfemoral membrane narrow in the centre, concealed by the fur.
General colour of the fur dark reddish brown, with a few long grey and shining hairs above and beneath; head and back of neck darker than body, reddish between the eyes; a tuft of bright yellow hairs over each shoulder-gland ; back and rump more reddish brown. Fur soft, woolly, and erect; on back half erect, not appressed, directed backwards ; scarcely any hairs extend upon the forearms or legs above, and the membranes beneath are also nearly naked. Muzzle rather short; zygomatic arches wide, without ascending process ; upper incisors short, contiguous ; lower incisors in pairs, separated by a space in the middle; the inner incisors very small, scarcely one fourth the size of the outer incisors, and placed in front of their inner and anterior sides; first upper premolar persistent, acutely pointed, in the rather narrow space between the canine and second premolar, which it half fills up, néarly as long as and in crosssection equal to half the diameter of one of the outer upper incisors ; second lower premolar large, with a small but well-defined anterointernal basal cusp, both it and the corresponding tooth in the upper jaw and the third lower premolar with small posterior basal Cusp ; last upper molar slightly larger than the last lower molar, which has an oval crown, and scarcely more than half as large as the first lower molar, which very nearly fills up the space between the canine and second premolar.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult ¢), head and body about
2. PTEROPUS. 31 7", head 2"-6, ear 0'"4, eye from nose about 0-4, forearm 3/5, thumb 1-4; third finger—metacarp. 2/-3, 1st ph. 1-6, 2nd ph. 2!"-5 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2/'-45, Ist ph. 1/05, 2nd ph, 1-15; tibia 1"-5, foot 1-2.
Hab. Unknown.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
The position of this very remarkable species in the genus is difficult to determine. While resembling the species allied to Pt. vulgaris in the quality of the fur and in the short ears, it differs from them altogether in the nakedness of the extremities, and agrees in dentition most closely with Pt. aneiteanus and Pt. jubatus. 9. Pteropus poliocephalus.
Pteropus poliocephalus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 179 (1827). Nearly as large as Pt. gouldii, and with similarly long and pointed ears, but differing remarkably from that species, as well as from every species of the genus of the same size, in the quality, colour, and distribution of the fur.
Ears much longer than the muzzle; the upper third of the earconch narrow, subacutely pointed, and concave beneath the tip, which is inclined outwards; the concave surface clothed with fine hairs. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre, concealed by the fur.
Fur everywhere long and dense, extending thickly upon the face and upon both sides of the legs, above to the ankles, beneath as fax as the ends of the tibiz ; fur of the back directed posteriorly and slightly appressed, occupying a space quite three inches wide across the loins, short but dense on the arm and muscular part of the forearm, on the legs and rump woolly; beneath, the whole membrane between the humerus and the thighs is covered ; fur nearly two inches wide behind the elbow.
Fur of the head grey with a yellowish tinge, the base of the hairs dark brown or black; neck and shoulders and anterior part of the breast bright reddish yellow; breast from shoulder to shoulder blackish grey, some of the hairs with yellowish extremities; middle of the lower part of the chest and abdomen black at the base, the terminal third of the hairs shining yellowish grey; back greyish black, many of the hairs with shining extremities; the fur covering the interfemoral membranes and legs of the same colour as on the abdomen.
Teeth rather narrow, like those of Pt. medius; the first lower premolar smaller than the last molar, in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar; first upper premolar minute, scarcely visible ; lower incisors small, the inner pair half the size of the outer and slightly separated.
Length, head and body 8'-5, head 2'-8, ear from end of nostril 2-3, eye from end of nostril 1-1, ear 1-45 x 0"-7, forearm 6!-2, thumb 2-5 ; third finger— metacarp. 4", 1st ph. 3!-15, 2nd ph. 4-8 ;
32 PTEROPODID, fifth finger—metacarp. 4", 1st ph. 1-75, 2nd ph. 185; tibia 2/85, foot 2!'-4.
Hab. Australia.
a,b,c. gd and 9 ad.sk. Australia.
d. Q ad. sk. Clarence River, E. Australia. :
ef. 3 ad. sk. Australia. Dr. Merriman [P.].
g. ad. sk. Cape Upstart.
h. ad.sk, (Shot while feeding on the blossom of Eucalyptus.) 7, imm. sk, Australia. Purchased.
j. ad. sk. Australia. Purchased. ; k. Qimm. al. Port Stephens. Dr. G. Bennett [P.]. 1. 2 ad. sk.
m,n 3 ad. sk. No history.
10. Pteropus leucopterus.
Pteropus leucopterus, Temminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de Guiné, p. 60 (1853).
Spectrum leucopterum e¢ Pteropus chinensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-cating Bats, pp. 102 & 111 (1870).
Ears as long as the muzzle, conical, with obtuse rounded-off extremities, naked.
Wings from the sides of the batk, nearly two inches apart at their origin ; interfemoral membrane very short in the middle, completely concealed by the dense woolly fur.
The whole of the fur and membranes aro of a pale colour ; above pale buff, the base of the hairs slightly darker or uniform with the extremities ; beneath, the fur is much shorter and pale brownish buff. Membranes and ears pale brown throughout.
Above, the fur of the head and neck and that covering the rump and legs is soft, very dense and woolly, but not long, that covering the back slightly shorter and directed backwards, occupying a space about three inches wide across the loms. Short appressed fur extends outwards on the humerus, elbow, and three fourths the forearm, and the legs to the ankles are thickly covered with erect woolly fur; beneath, the thighs and the proximal third of the tibice are covered, and the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur and along the forearm is thinly clothed.
The skull differs from that of any other known species of the genus in the peculiar character of the teeth, and in the postorbital process of the frontal being connected by bone (even in immature individuals) with the zygomatic arch, so that the orbital ring is complete in front. The upper incisors are very strong and close together, each with a prominent projecting base behind, the outer incisors considerably larger than the inner ones; lower inner incisors exceedingly small, not one sixth the size of the outer incisors, which are as large in cross-section at their bases as the posterior lower molars; the first upper premolar is much larger than in any other species of Pteropus, more than half filling the space between the canine and second premolar, and nearly equal to one of the middle
2. preropvus. 383 upper incisors in cross section; the antepenultimate molar above is smaller than the preceding tooth; the last molar has two blunt anterior cusps as in the other molar teeth, and equals or slightly exceeds one of the outer incisors in cross section; the lower molars are deeply grooved, and the sides of the groove forming the outer and inner cusps are notched above; all the teeth remarkably broad and strong (Plate IV. figs. 1, 1a, 16).
This very peculiar dentition has not been previously noticed. It, no doubt, indicates some important difference in the food of this species from that of most of the other species of the genus. Length (of an old 9), head and body about 10", ear 1", forearm 6", thumb 2''3, second finger 4; third finger—metacarp. 3!'-8, 1st ph. 2'-9, 2nd ph. 4-3; fifth finger—metacarp. 4", Ist ph. 1-65, 2nd ph. 1'-8 ; tibia 2'-3, foot 1/8.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
a. 9 ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Purchased.
b. @ ad. sk. China? Mr. Fortune [C.].
(Type of Pt. chinensis, Gray.)
e. skull of a.
11. Pteropus rayneri.
Pteropus rayneri, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 108 (1870).
Ears as in Pt. keraudrenii, shorter than the muzzle, narrowly rounded off above.
Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre, concealed by the fur.
Muzzle grey; face about the eyes and forehead brown with numerous silvery grey hairs ; head reddish brown, extremities of several hairs greyish or shining; nape of the neck and shoulders bright ferruginous brown,duller beneath; fur of the back short, appressed, extending for about half an inch on the membranes on each side beyond their line of origin from the back, dark reddish brown, extending also in a thin line upon the humerus and upon the fleshy part of the forearm ; rump and legs almost as far as the ankles covered with long, woolly, yellow hairs, which completely conceal the narrow interfemoral membrane in the middle; breast and upper part of abdomen of the same colour as the back; abdomen and thighs as on the upper surface.
Incisors and molars large, well developed, the latter without basal cusps or ridges; lower outer incisors three times as large as the inner ones ; first upper premolar nearly as large as one of the inner lower incisors; second premolar not widely separated from the canine ; first lower premolar nearly filling up the space between the canine and second premolar, larger than the last upper molar; last lower molars small, circular, about half the size of the outer lower incisors; postorbital processes of the frontal scarcely more than half circumscribing the orbit, no corresponding zygomatic process ; facial bones rather short, as in Pt. aneiteanus, which, on the whole, D
Jd PLEROPODIDAE.
this species closely resembles in the form of the skull, but differs as remarkably in the form of the teeth.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult 9), head and body about 8", head 2!-5, ear 0/9, eye from tip of nostril 0-9, forearm 5''3, thumb 2-1, second finger 38 ; third finger—metacarp. 3!"6, 1st ph. 2-7, Qnd ph. 4''-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3/8, Ist ph. 1/55, 2nd ph. 1-4; tibia 2!-4, calcaneum 0'-65, foot 1-6, Hab. Solomon Islands (Guadalcanar, San Christoval). a,b. Q ad. sk. (type). Guadaleanar Island. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. c,d. ¢ imm. sks. San Christoval. Voyage of the ‘ Herald. e. skull. San Christoval. Voyage of the ‘ Herald.’ 12. Pteropus lombocensis.
Pteropus macklotii, Gray (in part) (non Temminck), Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 110, var. ? (1870).
Much smaller than Pt, medius. Muzzle rather short ; ears slightly longer than the muzzle, triangular above, with narrowly rounded-off extremities ; the upper third of the outer margin slightly concave beneath the tip ; the inferior half of the margin of the ear-conch in front clothed with moderately long hairs (Plate ILI. fig. 4). Wings about one inch apart at their origin from the sides of the back ; interfemoral membrane very short in the middle, quite concealed by the fur in that part.
Fur moderately long, fine and dense, scarcely extending upon the humerus or forearm, but covering the upper surface of the legs almost to the ankles; on the back short, appressed, very different from the straight erect fur covering the neck and rump.
General colour of the fur yellowish brown ; ears and membranes dark brown; head and back darker yellowish brown; neck and shoulders paler and brighter yellowish brown, the extremities of the hairs shining ; chest and abdomen dull yellowish brown. Upper incisors moderately strong, equal, the middle pair separated slightly ; lower middle incisors close together, very small, not one quarter the size of the outer incisors, which also considerably exceed them in height; first upper premolar present in the type specimens (which appear to be quite adult), in the outer side of the rather narrow space between the canine and second premolar, and about as large as one of the middle lower incisors; first lower premolar almost filing up the space between the adjoining teeth; last upper and lower molars extremely small, smaller than in any other known species of the genus, with circular crowns, scarcely larger than the small internal lower incisors ; the other molars and premolars as in Pt. medius, but smaller (Plate IV. fig. 4).
Length (of an adult 31), head and body about 7", ears 0""-9, forearm 4'5, thumb 1'-8, second finger 3-2; third finger—metacarp. 2-9, Ist ph. 2!"1, 2nd ph. 3!-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3!-25, 1st ph. 1-4, 2nd ph. 1-15; tibia 1-9, foot 1!-4.
Hab. Lombock Island.
2. PTERUPUS. 35 This species resembles Pt. raynert. generally in the provailing brown colour of the fur and in its quality and distribution ; but is easily distinguished by the much more pointed ears, by the naked condition of the forearm, by the conspicuous radiating patches of hairs over glands on the shoulders, by the yellow- not ferruginous-brown colour of the fur covering the shoulders and the under surface of the body, by the conspicuously smaller measurements, and especially by the remarkably small size of the last upper molars, which in Pé. raynert are as large as the outer lower incisors. a. o ad.sk. (type). Lombock Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. b. f ad. sk. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
ec. skull of 8.
13. FPteropus samoensis.
Pteropus samoensis, Peale, United-States E-vplor. Exped, p. 20 (1848). Pteropus nawaiensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and I’ruit-eating Bats, p. 107 (1870).
Pteropus vitiensis, Gray, op. cit. p. 109. :
Pteropus whitmeei, diston, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 96, pl. xiv. Ears slightly shorter than the muzzle, conical, narrowly rounded off at the tip or subacutely pointed, the concave front surface of the conch thinly clothed with short hairs.
Interfemoral membrane very narrow, quite concealed in the © centre by long fur.
Fur soft and dense, extending upon the sides of the face in front of the eyes, covering the back for a breadth of two inches across the loins, and thickly clothing the legs to the ankles. The fur of the back is long and dense, and differs from that of the neck in being directed backwards, but is not closely appressed. Face, in front of and above and below the eyes, in the male dark brown intermixed with some shining hairs, silvery on the muzzle above; crown of the head bright yellow, neck reddish yellow, shoulders as the head, back reddish brown ; beneath, the chin is dark brown, the neck ferruginous brown, breast and abdomen reddish brown. In the female the face is silvery white, intermixed with a few black hairs; crown of the head shining buff, neck pale yellow, the shoulders as the head; back brown, the extremities of many hairs shining grey; beneath, the whole under surface is dark brown, more or less mixed with silvery hairs, the sides of the neck yellow. In a young female from Samoa, with forearm 24 inches long, the hair covering the back and the hinder extremities almost to the ankles is nearly as long and dense as in adult individuals. The head is pale yellowish grey throughout, the grey colour predominating ; the back of the neck dark reddish brown, the extremities of some hairs bright silvery ; back dark brown, also with some silvery hairs. Beneath, the neck is brighter reddish brown ; the breast and abdomen reddish brown with greyish extremities. we Upper incisors strong, slightly notched; lower aa separated D
36 PTERUPODID-E.
by a narrow space in the middle, the inner half the size of the outer invisors, all bifid; second upper premolar rather close to the canine ; the first small premolar, in immature individuals, quite filling up the space between the canine and second premolar, in adults often deciduous; premolars and molars broad, each with a posterior basal ridge, forming a small projection externally; last upper molar slightly larger than the first lower premolar; last lower molar about the size of one of the outer incisors; the antepenultimate upper molar with a very long antero-posterior diameter. Length, head and body about 8", head 2"-5, ear 0'-85, eye from end of nose 0/-9, forearm 5", thumb 2", second finger 3-6; third finger—metacarp. 3!'-25, Ist ph. 2'-4, 2nd ph. 3-8; fifth finger— metacarp. 3!'-4, lst ph. 1-5, 2nd ph. 1-4; tibia 2"-1, foot 1-6. Hab. Fiji Islands; Navigators’ Islands.
This species resembles Pt. keraudrenii (which inhabits the same islands) in size, in the form of the ears, and, to a considerable extent, in the colour of the fur; but may be at once distinguished by the different quality of the fur of the back, and by the legs being well covered almost to the ankles. This is as well seen in young specimens as in old individuals*.
On the habits of this species see remarks by Rev. S. J. Whitmee in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society, 1874, p. 666. a,b. S imm. & ad. sks. Ovalau Island, Fiji. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. (Type of Pteropus vitiensis, Gray.)
c. 9 ad. sk. Nawai Island, Fiji. Voyage of the ‘ Herald,’ (Type of Pteropus nawaiensis, Gray.)
d. Q juv. sk. Samoa. Rev. 8S. J. Whitmee [P.].
e. 2 imm., al. Samoa. Purchased, f. skull. Nawai, Fiji Islands.
g. skull of a.
14. Pteropus rodricensis.
Ears slightly longer than the muzzle, but projecting by their upper third only from the long fur surrounding them; ear-conch moderately broad in lower three fourths, very abruptly narrowed above by flattening of the upper fourth of the inner margin and a deep concavity of the corresponding part of the outer margin, terminating in a narrow acute tip; more than two thirds of the concave surface of the conch is well clothed with moderately long hairs, the uppper fourth and the back of the ear naked or with a few short hairs only (Plate ITI. fig. 1).
Fur long and dense, in quality intermediate between that of Pt. edwardsii and Pt. vulgaris; that covering the back of the head, neck, and shoulders very long, on the back shorter but not appressed, the hairs directed backwards, extending thickly upon the wings almost as far outwards as a line drawn from the proximal third of the * The Rev. 8. J. Whitmee has presented to the British Museum a very young specimen of this species and of Pt. keraudrenii from Samoa. These differ remarkably in the colour and distribution of the fur, and at once show how distinct the species are. (See description of Pteropus keraudreniti.)