6. VESPERUGO. 245 = eae Inc. =, pm. at the single upper incisor, on each side, close to the canine ; outer lower incisors cylindrical, much narrower than the inner and middle pair; first lower premolar well developed ; postcalcaneal lobe distinct, Hab. Central America. Subgenus RHoeEissa*. 50. Vesperugo parvulus.
Rhogeéssa parvula ef tumida, Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, pp. 285-6.
Head very slightly raised above the face-line; nasal apertures circular, directed forwards and slightly downwards; ears nearly as long as the head, much longer than broad; ear-conch narrowed in upper third and rounded off above, the lower four fifths of the inner margin is slightly but regularly convex, the upper fifth straight, the upper third of the outer margin hollowed out beneath the shortly rounded tip, the lower two thirds regularly convex to the termination about midway between the tragus and the angle of the mouth; tragus rather long and subacutely pointed ; at the base of the outer margin a distinct rounded small lobe succeeded by an emargination, above which the tragus opposite the base of its inner margin suddenly attains its greatest width, the outer margin sloping thence upwards and inwards to the subacute tip. Feet small, wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe shallow ; tip of the tail free.
Fur, above, pale yellow, with chestnut-brown extremities ; beneath paler. On both surfaces the fur of the body extends outwards to about the same extent upon the wing-membrane, as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of the femur; the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is nearly naked, beneath it has a few very fine and short hairs; the feet are naked; the inner side of the concave surface of the ear-conch along the inner margin is clothed with a few hairs; on the face the space in front of the ears, about the eyes, and the labial glands are nearly naked or clothed with a few long straight hairs only. Upper incisors close to the canines, long and slender, the summit slightly notched, the notch disappearing as the tooth becomes worn down; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws; central and middle incisors bifid or trifid; outer incisors much narrower, almost cylindrical, obtuse ; posterior upper molar half the size of the antepenultimate molar ; first lower premolar three fourths the second in vertical extent, but nearly equal to it in cross section at the base, separated above by a considerable space from the canine owing to the backward projecting cingulum of the latter tooth. Length (of ap adult @, with fatus im utero), head and body 1'6, tail 1’"4, head 0'-55, ear 0'"53, tragus 0'-28, forearm 1"-15, thumb 0-2, third finger 2'"1, fifth finger 1-55, tibia 0'"46, foot 0'°25. * Rhogeéssa, Allen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, Pp. 285). In constituting this (?) genus, Mr. Allen remarks that the typical species is allied to the Noctilionide (= Emballonuride). I am quite unable to perceive any characters which ally it to any of the species of that family.
246 VESPERTILIONID&.
Hab. Mexico (Tres Marias, Mirador) ; Honduras ; Costa Rica. Although this species has the dental formula of Nycticejus, it, in all other respects, evidently belongs to the genus Vesperugo. ‘This is especially shown by the notched upper incisors, the form of the ears and tragus, and the distinct postcalcaneal lobe. I have no doubt that Rhogeéssa parvula and R. tumida, Allen, are the same species. The describer mentions no distinguishing character of sufficient importance. R. twmida was evidently described from a more fully-grown specimen than those from which the original description of R. parvula was taken.
This species must not be confounded with Vespertilio parvulus, Temminck, which is a true Vespertilio, and, in my opinion, identical with Vespertilio nigricans, Wied (see p. 319).
a,b. 2 ad., al. Honduras. Mr. Dyson [C.].
c,d. @ ad, al. Costa Rica. Purchased.
7. CHALINOLOBUS.
Chalinolobus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679, and 1867, p. 480 (note); Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 3882.
Muzzle broad, generally very short and obtuse; nostrils opening sublaterally, forming a prominent flattened central ridge on the upper surface of the muzzle, separated from the well-developed glandular prominences by a distinct groove on either side. Ears short and broad, rhomboidal or ovoid; the outer margin prolonged forwards towards the angle of the mouth ; tragus expanded above and curved inwards. Lower lip with a distinet fleshy lobule placed near the angle of the mouth and projecting horizontally outwards. Wings to the base of the toes; tail generally nearly as long as the head and body.
Dentition. Ine. =a» © a> PM. Fy OF ge, M.S Upper incisors unequal; the inner incisors on each side long and unicuspidate ; outer incisors short, scarcely equalling in vertical extent the cingulum of the inner incisors; in species having two upper premolars the first is very small, placed in the inner angle between the canine and closely approximated second premolar, and visible only with the aid of a lens.
This genus closely resembles Vesperugo in general characters, but is readily distinguished by the lobe projecting from the lower lip on either side near the angle of the mouth, by the unicuspidate upper inner incisors, by the remarkable obtuseness of the muzzle and shortness of the head, by the prominent nostrils separated by distinct grooves from the well-defined glandular elevations, by the much longer and more slender tibiz, and, in most species, by the peculiarly thin membranes traversed by remarkably distinct reticulations and parallel lines.
The form of the ear-conch and tragus, the short broad muzzle, the long tail generally wholly contained within the wing-membrane, 2—2 1—1 2—2 1—1 38—3
7. CHALINOLOBUS. 247 and the shortness of the first phalanx of the longest finger, in some species, connect it with Miniopterus. Range. Australian and Ethiopian Regions. Chalinolobus may be considered intermediate between Vesperugo and Mintopterus, though it is evidently more closely allied to the former, and may be similarly divided into subgenera. These subgenera, however, similarly artificially based upon the presence or absence of the minute first upper premolar, separate the species into two very natural groups distinguished by other more important characters and inhabiting respectively a great continent. Synopsis of Subgenera and Species. ; 2-2 :
I. Premolars 5, first upper premolar minute. Hab. Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, a. Internal basal lobe of the ear not forming a distinct lobule at the base projecting backwards.
a’. With a transverse cutaneous process on the face between the eyes ; fore- ATM RAS caine nealenrie nena nme 6’. Nocutaneous process on the face; fore- BTML OO: serra sev aeery ease anaes b. Internal basal lobe of the ear forming a distinct lobule at the base, projecting backwards.
ce’, Outer margin of the ear terminating in front in a pendent lobule; forearmed! Ssin adults 2. scone as ees d'. Outer margin of the ear terminating ina horizontal lobule; forearm 1-35 TIAQUIULS 50) austeleruanscs a nipeucuewe ted II. Premolars =; the single upper premolar large, close to the canine ............ Hab. Southern and Equatorial Africa, a. Wing-membranes brown, unicoloured. a'. Internal basal lobe of the ear commencing in a short obtuse lobule ; lower incisors in the direction of the jaw; forearm 1'"65.......... b. Wing-membranes dusky white, traversed by well-defined reticulations. b'. Internal basal lobe of the ear commencing in a long narrow lobule projecting backwards; lower incisors in te direction of the jaw; forearm: ll] sscdsc tenis aeons cad c'. Internal basal lobe of the ear commencing in a short obtuse lobule ; lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaw; forearm 1'"55. CHALINOLOBUS.
2. Ch. signifer, p. 250.
1. Ch. tuberculatus, p. 248, 3. Ch. gouldit, p. 250.
4, Ch. nigrogriseus, p. 251, GLAUCONYCTERIS *, 7. Ch. poensis, p. 255.
5. Ch. argentatus, p. 252.
6. Ch. variegatus, p. 254.
* Glauconycteris, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 833.
248 VESVERTILIONID&.
In the species included under the first section (subgenus Chalinolobus) the tragus reaches its greatest width above the middle of the inner margin, as in Vesperugo noctula; and there is either no lobule near the base of the outer margin, or its position is occupied by a slight convexity. In the species included under the second section (subgenus Gilauconycteris) there is a. distinct, acutely pointed, triangular lobule near the base of the outer margin of the tragus, which reaches its greatest width about the middle of the inner margin. In Chalinolobus the fur is generally dark (black or dark brown) and the head and shoulders are darker than the rest of the body; while in Glauconycleris the surface of the fur is generally light grey or cream-colour, and the head and shoulders are lighter than the parts behind. In Glauconycteris also the skull is shorter, and the brain-case has much thinner, almost transparent walls, and is much more elevated above the face-line (see skull of Ch. poensis, Pl. XIV. fig. 6). In all the species of the genus Chalinolobus the auditory bulle are remarkably large, although the external ears are proportionately smaller than in any other genus of Vespertilionide (Plate XIV. fig. 6a, base of skull of Ch. poensis, double natural size).
2-2 Premolars 5-3. Subgenus CHALINOLOBUs.
1. Chalinolobus tuberculatus.
Vespertilio tuberculatus, Forster, Descript. Animal, in itinere ad Maris Australis Terras per annos 1772-74, §c., p. 62 (1844), ed. Lichtenstein.
Scotophilus morio (in part), Gray, App. Girey’s Narrat. Two Exped. p. 405 (1841).
Scotophilus tuberculatus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 185, pl. lili. (bad) ; Hutton, Trans. New-Zealand Institute, iv. p. 185 (1871). ?Scotophilus microdon, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 68. Chalinolobus tuberculatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 679, and 1867, p. 480 (note); Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 383. Head scarcely raised above the face-line; ears small, scarcely higher than the fur of the head, rounded off above; the concavity of the ear-conch marked with four or five distinct horizontal plice ; the inner margin commencing without forming a lobule; the upper third of the outer margin flattened, the middle third convex, then emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a prominent lobule, which is separated from the angle of the mouth by a wart; tragus narrow opposite the base of its inner margin, expanded above, reaching its greatest width about the middle of the concave inner margin, at the base of the outer margin a small indistinct .convexity (Plate XIV. fig. 1). Nostrils opening sublaterally and slightly downwards, the margins of the nasal apertures sharply cut and projecting above, separated by a rather wide concave space having a small ridge in the centre; the conjoined nasal tubes forming a prominent flattened ridge on the muzzle above, which is separated by a yery distinct groove on each side from the
7. CHALINOLOBUS. 249 well-defined glandular eminences. Lower lip with a rounded horiep eo on each side near the angle of the mouth (Plate XIV. g. La).
Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe well developed, circular, prominent, supported internally, on the side next the tail, by a cartilaginous prop, the curved extremity of which forms its posterior margin ; tail wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane.
Fur dark brown, almost black, on the head and anterior half of the back, passing into dark chestnut-brown posteriorly; beneath similar, but slightly paler ; the colour of the hairs on both surfaces the same from the base to the tip. On the body the fur is rather long and dense. The face is covered with a few hairs only in front of the eyes; the wing-membrane on the upper surface is clothed as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus almost as far outwards as the knee-joint, beneath as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and a few hairs appear along the oblique lines behind the forearm; the base of the interfemoral between the thighs is alone covered.
Inner upper incisors long, with a short cusp near their extremities ; outer incisors very short and unicuspidate, scarcely exceeding the cingulum of the inner incisors in length; lower incisors trifid, in the direction of the jaw; first upper premolar minute, concealed in the inner angle between the canine and the closely approximated second premolar, and not visible from without. Length (of an adult @ ), head and body 1’8, tail 1:7, head 0”°58, ear 0'°45, tragus 0'°16, forearm 1'°55, thumb 0'"25, third finger 2"-7, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0’-7, foot 0"°3.
Hab. §.E. Australia; New Zealand.
In the long description of this species by Mr. R. F. Tomes, occupying three pages of the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ taken from specimens “in spirit and in skin” (as the describer remarks), no notice is taken of the most important characters, such as the lobes of the upper lip and the very large postcalcaneal lobe, and in the coloured plate accompanying the description these parts are not shown. The form of the tragus is also wrongly described, and the dental formula is incorrectly stated. No better proof could be afforded that mere length of description is not sufficient to characterize a species.
a Q ad., al. New Zealand.
b,c. ad. sk. New Zealand.
d, ad. sk.,in al. New Zealand. Wellington Museum [E.]. ad. sk. Tasmania.
(Type of Scotophilus morio, Gray.)
ad. sk. Sydney.
imm., al. Peak Downs, Queensland. Purchased.
é.
f. ad. sk., in al, South Australia.
:
i. ad. sk. (Figured and described in ‘ Voy. Erebus and Terror.’)
250 VESPERTILIONIDA, 2. Chalinolobus signifer.
eee signifer, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1876, xvii. p. 289.
Ears and nostrils as in Ch. tuberculatus; but behind the nostrils on the face, between and slightly in front of the eyes, an erect transverse process (like the transverse nose-leaf in Phyllorhina, but smaller and not concave in front) is placed. This process commences on each side at a short distance from the eye, and its free upper margin is regularly convex (Plate XIV. figs. 2, 2a). Wings from the base of the toes ; tail wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane ; postcalcaneal lobe well developed, nearly as large as, and similar in shape to, that of C. tuberculatus. In the colour and distribution of the fur, the single specimen yet discovered (an adult male preserved in alcohol) appears to agree closely with C. tuberculatus, which it also resembles in the form and position of the teeth.
Length, head and body 1-95, tail 1-75, head 0-55, ear 0'-4, tragus 0'-18, forearm 1-4, thumb 025, third finger 2-5, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0'-6, foot 0'"3.
Hab. Queensland, E. Australia (Peak Downs).
u. fd ad., al. (type). Peak Downs, Queensland. Purchased. 3. Chalinolobus gouldii.
Scotophilus gouldii, Gray, Appendix to Grey’s Journ. of two Expeditions of Discovery in Australia, p. 405.
Chalinolobus gouldii, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 383. Head short, crown of the head very slightly raised above the face-line ; muzzle broad, obtuse ; glandular prominences on the sides much developed, adding to the breadth of the muzzle in front; nostrils prominent above, separated on each side by a small sulcus from the glandular prominences. Ears similar in general outline to those of Miniopterus schreibersii ; inner margin of the ear very convex forwards in lower half, then sloping almost horizontally backwards to the tip, the position of which is determined only by a slight flattening of the upper third of the outer margin ; the lower two thirds of the outer margin is slightly convex, and terminates in a conspicuous lappet of skin hanging vertically downwards, placed at a short distance behind the angle of the mouth. Tragus broad above, reaching its greatest breadth above the middle of the inner margin ; the outer margin has a slight convexity near the base, above it a concavity from which the tragus expands considerably outwards, so that the superior part of the outer margin nearly equals the whole inner margin in length; the inner margin is straight or slightly concave. Lower lip with a distinct fleshy lobe, as in C. tuberculatus (Plate XIV. fig. 4, head, double natural size). Feet small; wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe rounded, well developed, at a distance equal to the breadth of the foot from the end of the tibia; extreme tip of the tail projecting (Plate XIV. fig. 4a).
7. CHALINOLOBUS. 251 On the dorsal surface the fur extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, and the base of the interfemoral is occupied by a triangular patch of moderately long hairs. Beneath, the hair extends more densely somewhat beyond a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint, a few hairs passing outwards behind the elbow and posterior to the forearm and carpus, ranged along part of the oblique parallel lines traversing the wing-membrane from the forearm backwards, as in Vesperugo noctula. The fur covering the head, neck, and shoulders is black, with a very faint reddish tinge; posterior to the point of origin of the antebrachial membrane the fur is dark at the base, the terminal half of the hairs yellowish brown, at the base of the tail and upon the interfemoral membrane yellowish brown throughout. Beneath, on the breast, the bases of the hairs dark, the terminal half reddish or ashy, on the abdomen the extremities of the hairs yellowish white, while on the sides of the body and on the wing- and interfemoral membranes the fur is pale yellowishwhite throughout.
Inner incisors unicuspidate and long; outer incisors very short, close to the outer and anterior sides of the bases of the inner incisors (Plate XIV. fig. 40). Lower incisors trifid, crowded. First upper premolar exceedingly small, so minute as to be seen only with the aid of a lens, wedged in between the inner parts of the contiguous edges of the bases of the canine and second premolar, as in V. noctula ; the second premolar is closely approximated externally to the canine, and the minute first premolar cannot be seen from without. The first lower premolar equals half the second in vertical extent. Length (of an adult Q preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'4, tail 2/2, head 0:75, ear 0-6 x 045, tragus 0'°28 x 0-15, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0'3, third finger 3'"-3, fifth finger 2-15, tibia 0-75, foot 0:35. Metacarpal bones of the third and fourth fingers nearly equal in length, that of the fifth finger one tenth of an inch shorter. Hab. Australia (Queensland ; New South Wales ; Victoria; South Australia); Tasmania.
a. imm., al. Peak Downs, Queensland. Purchased.
b. G ad., al. Clarence River, N. 8S. Wales. Purchased. ec. ad. sk. Sydney. Mr. Gould [C.}.
d. 3 ad, al. Gippsland. Purchased.
e. ad. sk. Tasmania. Lieut. A Smith [P.].
f. ad. sk. Yarrundi, N. 8. Wales.
g. ad. sk. New South Wales. ; h, ad. sk. Tasmania. R. Maitland, Esq.[P.].
4, Chalinolobus nigrogriseus.
Scotophilus nigrogriseus, Gould, Mamm. of Australia, vol. iii. pl. 44. Scotophilus picatus, Gould, op. cit. vol. iv.
Chalinolobus nigrogriseus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 386. Head short, slightly elevated above the face-line ; muzzle broad, shortly conical ; nostrils prominent on the upper surface of the
252 VESPERTILIONID.
muzzle, projecting slightly by their inner margins in front, opening sublaterally, emarginate between, and closer together than in other species of this genus (Plate XIV. fig. 3a). Ears very rhomboidal in outline; the outer and upper angle, forming the tip, rounded off; the lower half of the outer margin slightly reflected backwards at the edge; emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a distinct rounded lobe close to the angle of the mouth, not hanging vertically downwards at its termination as in C. gouldit (fig. 3); tragus expanded outwards above, reaching its greatest width above the middle of the inner margin, the breadth of the summit equal to the length of the inner margin, which is straight or slightly concave. On the whole, the form of the tragus is very similar to that of C. gouldzi.
Wings to the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe rounded, well developed, about the breadth of the foot from the tibia; last rudimentary joint of tail free.
Above deep black, the tips with a slight brownish or greyish tinge; beneath similar, the tips ashy and generally of a lighter shade on the pubes and along the sides of the body.
Distribution of the fur and dentition quite similar to those in Ch. gouldii.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 1°75, tail 1'"35, head 0°55, ear 0'"5, tragus 0'°2 x 0'"12, forearm 1°35, thumb 0°28, third finger 2-6, fifth finger 1'"7, tibia 0°55, foot 0":28.
Hab. Australia, northern and eastern coasts, Port Essington, Moreton Bay, New South Wales.
a, ad. sk. Port Essington. Mr. Gould [C.].
b,c. fo ad., al. Port Essington. Earl of Derby [P.]. d. & ad. sk. Moreton Bay. Mr. Gould [C. j.
e. ad. sk. Yarrundi, N.S. Wales. | Labelled Scotophilus picatus, jf. imm. sk. Australia. Gould.
1-1 Premolars 5-3. Subgenus GLAUCONYCTERIS.
5. Chalinolobus argentatus.
Chalinolobus argentatus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 385. The crown of the head is abruptly elevated above the face-line as in Miniopterus, but to a much less extent; muzzle short, very obtuse in front, broad and flattened above; nasal apertures wide apart in front, separated by a slightly concave space, opening sublaterally, bounded laterally by the front margins of the labial glandular prominences, which are separated from the nostrils above by a sulcus on each side, as in the other species of this genus. Beneath, on each side of the chin, below the under lip, a smooth broad rounded elevation exists, separated from its fellow of the opposite side by the small naked space on the lip in front of the lower incisors. These elevated sides of the chin are covered with short hairs and enclose a