12. VESPERTILIO. 325 front of the base of the tragus in a very distinct small thickened lobe ; tragus long, attenuated, and acutely pointed, outer margin slightly concave above, inner margin correspondingly convex, so that the tragus inclines outwards (Plate XIX. fig. 10, ear, enlarged). Feet large; wings from the base of the toes ; caleaneum short, the last caudal vertebra free.
Above black, the hairs with light brownish-yellow extremities ; beneath dark at the base, the terminal one fourth of the hairs yellowish white.
Above and beneath the fur of the body extends upon the wingmembranes nearly as far as a line drawn from the middle of tho humerus to the knee-joint ; above, the base of the interfemoral only is covered; beneath, a few fine hairs appear on the proximal half chiefly along the tail.
Teeth as in V. mystacinus.
Length, head and body 1"-7, tail 1"-4, head 0":6, ear 0:65, tragus 0":33, forearm 1":35, thumb 0:3, third finger 2"-2, fifth finger 1"-8, tibia 0"-6, foot 0:35.
Other specimens vary in being slightly larger or slightly smaller. Hab. North (and probably Central) America; according to Allen, not found west of the Rocky Mountains.
This species approaches V. mystacinus, but not so closely as V. nitidus. The ears are larger, and the outer margin of the ear-conch not deeply emarginate above ; the feet are also larger, and the last caudal vertebra is free.
a, ad. sk. Malden, Canada. P. W. Maclagan, Esq. [P.]. 6. dad., al. North America. Zool. Soc. Collection. e. ad. sk., in al. Smithsonian Institute [P.].
d. skull of a.
40. Vespertilio carolii.
Vespertilio carolii, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p, 237 (1835-41). Head scarcely elevated above the face-line; glandular prominences between the eyes and nostrils rather more developed upwards than in most species of the genus, resembling in this respect V. levis ; they do not add to the breadth of the muzzle, nor cause a concavity between them on the face ; extremity of the muzzle projecting slightly beyond the lower lip in front. Ears somewhat shorter than the head ; laid forwards the tips extend exactly as far as the end of the nose; the internal basal lobe acute in front, the horizontal margin joining the ascending margin slightly under a right angle ; the inner margin of the ear regularly convex from the base upwards, except quite near the tip, where it is straight; tip obtusely rounded off, projecting slightly outwards ; beneath the tip .nearly half the outer margin is slightly concave, then convex, distinctly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a small convex lobe. The shape of the ear is similar to that of V. mystacinus, but the lower half of the outer margin is less convex. Tragus narrow, attenuated in its upper third, which inclines
326 VESPERTILIONID®.
slightly outwards ; inner margin straight below, slightly convex above; outer margin with a distinct horizontal lobule at its base, then convex, attaining its greatest convexity slightly above the base of the inner margin; upper third concave.
Wings to the metatarsus ; feet large and strong; interfemoral membrane acutely angular behind as in V. capaccini; last caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free; calcaneum long, extending three fourths the distance between the ankle and tip of the tail.
Above, the fur extends upon the wing-membranes as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus almost as far as the kneejoint ; the base only of the interfemoral is covered, and a few hairs appear on the backs of the toes. Beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed to a slightly greater extent, and the greater part of the interfemoral, especially along the tail and inside the legs on each side, is covered with fine short whitish hairs.
Above dark brown, with sienna-brown tips ; beneath black, with whitish extremities.
Length, head and body 18, tail 1”°3, ear 0"-5, tragus 0’-28, forearm 1"-3, thumb 0"-25, third finger 2" (metacarp. 1'15), fifth finger 1”-7 (metacarp. 1'"1), tibia 0'°6, foot 0-35.
Hab. North America.
a. ad. sk. N.W. America.
41. Vespertilio albescens.
Vespertilio albescens, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 204; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 244 (1840) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 19).
Vesperti io leucogaster, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. ii. p. 271 (1825). Vespertilio nubilus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séugeth. i. p. 584 (1844). Muzzle rather long and thick; crown of the head scarcely elevated. Ears shorter than the head; laid forwards the tips do not reach to the end of the muzzle; the horizontal margin of the inner basal lobe of the ear straight, forming a right angle with the ascending portion of the outer margin, which is straight for nearly two thirds its length, then slants upwards and backwards; tip very narrowly rounded off; the upper half of the outer side flatly emarginate, so that the upper third of the ear is abruptly narrowed, but the tip does not project outwards ; lower half gradually convex, with avery faint angular emargination opposite the base of the tragus terminating in a small, slightly convex lobe. Tragus long and subacutely pointed, attaining its greatest width slightly below the middle of the inner margin ; the outer margin convex upwards for two thirds its length, then faintly concave; inner margin correspondingly convex above. Although the inner margin is more convex than straight, the tragus is scarcely inclined outwards, and in some specimens (as in that from which the accompanying illustration of the form of the ear was taken) the inner margin is concave, and the tragus consequently inclined inwards. (Plate XIX. fig. 8, ear, enlarged.)
12. VESPERTILIO. 327 Wings from the metatarsi close to the base of the toes; feet rather large; toes scarcely more than half the length of the feet; calcaneum feeble, termination indistinct; tail as long as the head and body ; the last rudimentary caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free. :
Above dark brown, the extremities of the hairs on the shoulders and back shining yellowish; beneath similar, with ashy extremities.
On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the membranes along the sides of the body only, and upon the base of the interfemoral between the thighs; beneath, it extends thinly upon the wings nearly as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and the interfemoral is covered with long hair about the root of the tail, and half the remainder with very short fine hairs. The upper canine and third premolar are separated by a narrow interval, and in the adult animal the first and second small premolars are quite internal to the tooth-row; the third premolar is large and exceeds the molars considerably in vertical extent ; the lower premolars are also small, but they stand in the tooth-row; the third premolar nearly equals the canine in vertical extent. Length (of an adult 2 preserved in spirits), head and body 17, tail 1-8, head 0’"7, ear 0'-6, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1'°75, thumb 0"-28, third finger 2'"7, fifth finger 2''-1, tibia 0’*7, foot 0'-35. This species is distinguished especially by its peculiarly thick, not broad muzzle, by the great length of the forearm in comparison to the length of the body, and (in fully adult specimens) by the narrow space between the canine and third premolar and consequent displacement inwards of both the first and second minute upper premolars.
Hab, Ecuador; Central America (Guatemala) ; Brazil (banks of the Mucuri River).
The above description has been taken from a specimen which agrees in all respects with the type of this species, and also with the types of V. lewcogaster, Wied, in the Leyden Museum. The extremity of the tail is described by the Prince of Neuwied as but half a line free; but in the types it varies from this length to one and a half lines, the last caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra being free in one specimen. In the specimens preserved in alcohol in the British Museum, which I have identified with this species, the length of the free portion of the tail varies considerably. The extremely small size and internal position of the second upper premolar (in adult specimens) no doubt caused the Prince of Neuweid to overlook it.
a. @ ad., al. Ecuador. Mr. Fraser’s Coll.
b. 3 juv., al. Ecuador. My. Fraser’s Coll.
c-h. 3 & 2 sks., inal. Cuidad Vieja,Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [ C.]. z, ad, sk. N. America (?). Mr. Drumond [P.}.
jy. SP ad, al. Tehuantepec. Mr. Boucard [€.].
(Smaller, and with tragus more ineurved.)
328 VESPERTILIONID.
42. Vespertilio arsinoe.
Vespertilio arsinoé, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 247 (1885- 1841).
Appears to be quite intermediate between V. nigricans and V. albescens, resembling the former in the shape of its ears and in size, the latter in the form of the tragus, in the larger feet, free extremity of the tail, and in the peculiar colour of the fur. Ears shorter than the head; laid forwards their extremities do not reach the end of the muzzle; inner margin of the conch convex, outer margin concave in upper half, becoming gradually convex in the lower half; tip rounded off, slightly projecting outwards: tragus rather short and straight, subacutely pointed, not attenuated towards the tip. Wings from the base of the toes; feet intermediate in size between those of V. nigricans and V. albescens; calcaneum terminating in a projecting tooth; the last osseous caudal vertebra free. Fur very similar in surface colour to that of V. albescens, but darker above, the hairs being almost black, the extreme tips on the shoulders and back shining yellowish; beneath, dark brown or black at the base and for three fourths the length of the hairs, the terminal fourth of the hairs on the chest and abdomen, and the terminal half of the fur about the pubis and thighs, ashy. Both the first and second upper premolars stand in the tooth-row, and the second is visible from without.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 1”°7, tail 1-3, ear 0'-5, tragus 0:25, forearm 17°35, thumb 0'°28, third finger—metacarp. 1'-25, 1st ph. 0’°48, 2nd ph. 0'"7 ; fifth finger— metacarp. 1'-15, 1st ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 025; tibia 0'°6, foot 0"°3.
Hab. Surinam. Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum. 43. Vespertilio lucifugus.
Vespertilio lucifugus, Leconte, Cuvier, Anim. Kingd. (ed. M‘Murtrie), i. Append. p. 481 (1831); Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America, p. 55, figs. 51, 52 (1864), Vespertilio brevirostris, Wied, Verz. beobach. Stugeth. N.-America, p. 19 (1862).
Vespertilio affinis e¢ yumanensis, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. America, pp. 53 & 58, figs. 49, 55 (1864).
Head slightly and abruptly elevated, forehead depressed; glandular prominences of the sides of the face rather largely developed laterally, causing the muzzle to appear obtuse in front. Lars shorter than the head; laid forwards the tips extend within a short distance from the end of the muzzle; lower third of the inner margin faintly concave, the upper two thirds convex, the tip evenly rounded off continuously with the convexity of the inner margin ; upper third of the outer margin slightly concave, the tip scarcely projecting, the middle third becoming gradually and very slightly convex. Tragus rather short and acutely pointed; inner margin
12. VESPERTILIO. 329 straight, outer slightly convex below, attaining its greatest convexity slightly above the base of the inner margin ; the upper third straight, slanting to the tip. (Plate XIX. fig. 11, ear, enlarged.) Wing-membranes from the metatarsus close to the base of the toes; feet rather large. Interfemoral membrane between the ends of the calcanea acutely angular; last vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra of the tail free.
Above, the fur of the back extends to a short distance only upon the wing-membranes, and upon the interfemoral as far as the end of the second caudal vertebra, Beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly covered as far as from the elbow to the knee; and the greater part of the interfemoral has short fine hairs scattered over it. Fur, above and beneath black or dark brown at the base, pale brown above, the terminal third of the hairs beneath ashy. Fars, wing-membranes, and integuments dark brown throughout. The dentition presents no peculiarities.
Length, head and body 1-65, tail 1-5, head 0-65, ear 0°55, tragus 0'°25, forearm 1:4, thumb 0'28, third finger 2'-6, fifth finger 1”-9, tibia 0'°55, foot 0'°35.
Other specimens give slightly larger or smaller measurements ; the above have been taken from a 2 with fetus in utero. Hab. Nearctic and Neotropical Regions ; according to Allen, universally distributed throughout the United States. Iam unable to find in Dr. Allen’s descriptions of V. affinis and V. yumanensis any characters sufficient to distinguish them from V. lucifugus. The internal basal lobe of the ear, said by Dr. Allen to be obtuse in V. lucifugus, does not differ sufficiently in the specimens of this species, received by the British Museum from the Smithsonian Institute, from that of the other species of the genus to permit of its shape being used as a distinguishing character. a. & ad., al. Newfoundland. H. Reeks, Esq. [P.]. b,c. ad. sk. North America (lat. 49°, long. 119°). d. & ad., al. Lake Winnipeg. Sir J. Richardson [P.}. e. 2 ad., al. North America. Smithsonian Institute. f. & ad., al. America. f Mr. Douglass’s Coll.
g. & ad, al. Interior of Brazil. Purchased.
ht. 6 & @ ad., al. America. Zool. Soc. [P.].
In the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for August 1866, Dr. H. Allen has described eight (?) new species of this genus from tropical America, arranging them into two groups, thus :— u. Interfemoral membrane relatively small; each joint of tail a third shorter than each of 8; terminal joint of tail exserted. Colour of membranes and auricle blackish. 1. V. mundus; 2. V. concinnus ; 3. V. exiguus; 4. V. obscurus. a . ; 8. Interfemoral membrane relatively large; each joint of tail a third longer than each of a; terminal joint not exserted (a small tip of cartilage may be exserted); colour of membranes and ear light brown, excepting V evilis. 5. V. agilis; 6. V. volans; 7. V. exikis ; 8. V. tenuidorsalis.
330 VESPERTILIONID..
Dr. Allen remarks that he was obliged to describe these species without having had an opportunity of examining the types of the species described by European zoologists from the same region. It is therefore very probable that most, if not all of the above are synonymic terms; but I find it quite impossible to say from the descriptions of what species they are synonyms, or whether some or all should be recognised as new. In most of the descriptions the leading characters are derived from the colours of the fur, which appear to be scarcely less variable in this genus than in other genera of Chiroptera, and therefore cannot be depended upon in distinguishing species.
13. KERIVOULA.
Kerivoula, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 258 (1842) ; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 822; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 145 (1876).
Muzzle narrow, elongated; skull very concave between the nasal bones and the vertex, so that the crown of the head appears considerably vaulted; glandular prominences between the eyes and nostrils very small, indistinct, the upper surface of the muzzle sloping down evenly, laterally and in front, to the margin of the lip ; aperture of nostril completely circular, opening sublaterally close to the margin of the upper lip; mouth wide, upper and lower lips projecting slightly, the upper lip and the angle of the mouth thickly fringed with long hairs: ears funnel-shaped owing to the great convexity of their outer margins, diaphanous, studded with glandular papile from which minute hairs arise; the outer margin terminating very abruptly by a deep lobe not separated from the outer side of the ear, and not carried forwards to the angle of the mouth; tragus extremely long and narrow and very acutely pointed, straight or slightly curved outwards: integumentary system largely developed; anterior margin of the deep antebrachial membrane free throughout; wings from the base of the toes; calcaneum long and strong, curved backwards, no postcalcaneal lobe; posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane more or less fringed with hairs; tail as long as or longer than the head and body, wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane.
Dentition. Ine. =, c. SS, pm. =, m. =.
Upper incisors parallel, not divergent as in Vespertilio; the outer incisor always shorter than the inner one, sometimes minute; second upper premolar slightly smaller than the third, never minute as in Vespertilio; second lower premolar equal to or slightly larger than the first, and nearly or quite equal to the third. This genus includes some of the most delicately formed and most truly insectivorous, tropical, forest-haunting Bats. They are distin-
13. KERIVOULA. 331 guished from Vespertilio (with which they agree in the number of the teeth) not by any single character, but by a series of characters = which they closely resemble each other and differ from all other orms.
Range. Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions (Austro- Malayan Subregion).
Synopsis of the Species.
a. Outer margin of the tragus without a lobule at the base, but with a more or less distinct process opposite the base of the inner margin, not succeeded by an emargination immediately above or beneath. a'. Outer upper incisors equal to or exceeding half the length of the inner incisors; inner incisors with a postero-external our a", Wing-membranes_ variegated with orange and black.
a'". Margin of the interfemoral membrane with a well-developed comblike fringe.
a. Ears shorter than the head; ‘fur orange; forearm 1-4 ........... 1. K. picta, p. 332. 6". Wing-membranes unicoloured. a'". Margin of the interfemoral membrane with a well-developed comblike fringe.
B. Ears shorter than the head; fur brown; forearm 1'3 or slightly TOOVO:arsregiawierwievayeyprevenneewhe2.K.brunnea,p.334. o”’. Margin of the interfemoral with a few fine hairs.
y. Ears as long as the head; fur greyish brown; forearm 11........ 3. K. africana, p .835. b'. Outer upper incisors short, sometimes minute, never equalling half the length of the inner incisors; inner incisors with or without a small basal cusp posteriorly. 6”, Wing-membranes unicoloured. ce", Margin of the interfemoral membrane naked. © 6. Ears shorter than the head; outer upper incisors nearly half the length of the inner incisors (in immature individuals) ; fur darker at the base, paler at the extremities; forearm 1'"4_ ..,......... 4. K. hardwicku, p. 336. d'", Margin of the interfemoral membrane fringed with short rather stiff hairs.
€. Ears shorter than the head; outer upper incisors minute ; fur darker
332 VESPERTILIONIDE.
at the extremities than at the base; forearm 17 .........4.. 5. K. papillosa, p. 387. ¢. Ears longer than the head; outer incisors as in K. papillosa; fore- BEML ZG adsense sycrsaela se besltnes 6. K. pellucida, p. 387. b. Outer margin of the tragus with a distinct lobule at the base as in Vespertilio, succeeded immediately above, opposite the base of the inner margin, by an emargination.
b’. Outer upper incisor on each side minute, scarcely exceeding the cingulum of the inner incisor in vertical extent. b". Wing-membranes unicoloured. bo. Margin of the interfemoral membrane naked; forearms and thumbs also naked.
n. Ears shorter than the head, outer margin of the ear-conch with a second small concavity about the middle; fur as in K. hardwicki; forearm 1°55 1... ee cee eee 7. K. jagorit, p. 388. e'". Margin of the interfemoral fringed ; forearms, thumbs, and tibiee clothed with short pL aranite hairs. 6. Margin of the interfemoral with a few fine hairs; ears as long as the head; fur brown, with shining yellow extremities ; forearm 1'-45 8. K. papuensis, p. 339. t. Margin of the interfemoral with short bristly hairs; ears shorter than the head; fur tricoloured, with bronze-yellow extremities; forearm’ 1!'"45 <5. i. sabaeteseecereseis 9. K. erosa, p. 389, c', Outer upper incisors nearly as long as the inner incisors; inner incisors with a small posterior basal cusp. d'", Margin of the interfemoral membrane with a comb-like fringe, as in K. picta; forearms, thumbs, and tibie clothed with short appressed hairs.
x. Ears shorter than the head; fore- BTN Meds Osis wow siaeten ts wseee. LO, K. lanosa, p. 340. 1. Kerivoula picta.
Vespertilio pictum, Pallas, Spicil. Zoolog. fase. iii. p. 7. Vespertilio pictus, Schreb. Saugeth.i. p. 170 (1775); Gmel. Linn. Syst: Natur. p. 49 (1788); Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 199 (1806) ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 141 (1820); Horsf. Zool. Research. Java (1825); Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 228 (1835-41) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 736. Veneae kirivoula, F. Cuvier, Nouv. Annal. du Muséum, t. i. p. 9 (1882).
Kerivoula picta, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 258 (1842) ;