7. NOTOPTERIS. 93 between ; ears simple, separate ; index finger without a claw ; wings from the central line of the back precisely as in Cephalotes, and from the metacarpal bone of the second toe ; tail long, far exceeding the short interfemoral membrane.
Dentition. Ine. =, C. = pm. — m. — Tongue very long and attenuated.
This genus, represented by a single species only, is distinguished from all the known genera of this family by the remarkable length of the tail, and the very peculiar dentition described further on. 1. Notopteris macdonaldii.
Notopteris macdonaldii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 38, pl. Ixvii. Head long, abruptly narrowed in front of the eyes, forming a very narrow, cylindrical, pointed muzzle ; nasal apertures semilunate, opening sublaterally ; the margins of the nostrils not prominent, almost level with the surrounding surface of the muzzle, the end of the muzzle marked by a very slight groove in front between the nostrils ; ears as long as the muzzle, oval, very similar to those of Cephalotes peronii in shape, but comparatively broader, with a prominent thickened lobule at the base of the outer margin of the earconch, separated posteriorly by an angular notch ; eyes large, much nearer to the ears than to the extremity of the muzzle; “iris dark hazel” (Dr. Macdonald).
Thumb rather short, the first phalanx free from the antebrachial membrane ; index finger equal to the metacarpal bone of the middle finger in length, without a claw; tail nearly as long as the forearm, the base only connected with the short interfemoral membrane ; calcanea short, very feeble; wings from the base of the metacarpal bone of the second toe, and from the centre line of the back, precisely as in Cephalotes peronii; the back apparently naked, as in that species, from the inferior angle of the scapula backwards, but really well covered with hair and concealed by the naked wing-membrane. Muzzle nearly naked, the sides with a few long, erect, straight hairs ; wing-membranes naked above or with a few scattered hairs only.
es above, pale reddish brown, with a few greyish or shining hairs ; beneath, paler.
Skull narrow, smooth, without ridges or crests ; postorbital processes of the frontal very short; zygomatic arches slender; premaxillary bones slender, not united in front, each with a small outer incisor, and a rudimentary inner incisor not appearing above the alveolus, so that in recent specimens there appears to be but a single upper incisor on each side; a single minute lower incisor on each side close to the canine; upper canines large, longitudinally grooved in front. :
Premolars very different in form from those in any other species of Pteropodide. First upper premolar close to the canine, separated by a slight interval from the next tooth, larger than any of the suc-
94 PTEROPODINA.
ceeding teeth, chisel-shaped, with two roots; second premolar smaller, but larger than the first molar, which also exceeds the second and last molar ; in the lower jaw the teeth are somewhat larger, but similarly proportioned.
Tongue very long, much attenuated in anterior third, and armed with recurved papille near the tip.
Length (of an adult g), head and body 4”, tail 2'3, head 1'"5, eye from nose 0'"6, ear 0':6, forearm 26, thumb 0°85, third finger 5':3, fifth finger 3'°6, tibia 1-35, calcaneum 0°25, foot 0'"85.
Hab. Fiji Islands; Aneiteum Island.
a,b. 6 & 9 ad. sk. Viti Levu, Fiji. Dr. J. D. Macdonald [C.]. (Figured in P. Z. 8. 1859. Type of the species.) ce. fo ad., al. Aneiteum Island.
d,e. skulls. Viti Levu, Fiji.
8. EONYCTERIS.
Eonycteris, Dobson, Journ, Asiat. Soc, Beng. 1873, p. 204; Monogr. Asiatic Chiropt. p. 82 (1876).
Muzzle long, cylindrical ; nostrils scarcely projecting, simple, separate; upper lip with a shallow vertical groove in front; index finger without a claw; thumb short, part of terminal phalanx included in the wing-membrane; metacarpal bone of second finger equal to the index finger in length; wings from the sides of the hairy back; wing-membrane from the base of the first toe; tail short, distinct, the base contained in the narrow interfemoral membrane. 1—1 2-2 3—3 To pm. 39 MM. ss:
Dentition. Inc. 4 c. ss First upper premolar small; all the molars narrow and very slightly elevated above the gum, as in Macroglossus; tongue very long and armed with long recurved papillce as in that genus. 1. Eonycteris spelxa.
Macroglossus speleeus, Dobson, P. A. S. B. 1871, p. 106; JA. 8S. B. 1871, p. 261, pl. x. figs. 3 & 4.
Eonycteris spelea, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 204, pl. xiv. fig. 10. Head long; muzzle narrow, cylindrical, abruptly narrowed in front of the eyes; nostrils not prominent, with an intervening emargination, which also passes down to the lip; ears conical, with rounded tips.
Wings ample, from the sides of the hairy back; wing-membrane attached to the back of the foot, and extending to the base of the outer toe; thumb rather short, terminal phalanx longest, with its base included in the membrane ; index finger of three phalanges, the terminal phalanx very short and wholly contained within the wingmembrane, not ending in a claw.
Body clothed with very short and thinly spread fur of a uniform
Y. MACROGLOSSUS. 95 dark brown colour. The fur of the head extends upon the face as far as the inner canthuses of the eyes, leaving the remaining portions naked ; from the back it passes on to the humerus and forearm, covering half the length of the latter; behind, on each side, it covers a triangular portion of the interfemoral membrane, bounded laterally by the femur, and posteriorly by a line drawn from the knee-joint to the base of the free portion of the tail; beneath, the whole surface of the antebrachial membrane is covered with short hairs ; laterally, the fur of the sides extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn between the elbow- and knee-joints, also outwards along the posterior margin of the forearm to the carpus, occupying a space varying in width from one inch behind the elbow to half an inch or less at the middle of the forearm; the under surface of the humerus and femur and half the length of the forearm are also hairy.
Tail about half an inch in length, half contained in the narrow interfemoral membrane as in Cynonycteris. On each side of and a little behind the anal opening two small, subcutaneous, gland-like bodies are placed.
These bodies are kidney-shaped, their convex margins directed outwards; and they are found in both male and female. In males in whom the testes have descended, one of these postanal glands forms on each side the posterior boundary of the temporary scrotum, which, in this situation only, is quite naked and covered by very thin skin.
The tongue is very long, pointed, and protrusible ; in spirit specimens it can be drawn from the mouth for nearly half an inch without using any forcible extension ; the anterior half of its surface is thickly covered with soft recurved papillz, which increase very much in length towards the tip.
The teeth are very similar to those of Mucroglossus minimus, except the first upper premolar, which is minute. The upper incisors are arranged triangularly ; they are very small, scarcely raised above the level of the gum, and are separated from each other by regular intervals.
Length (of an adult 3), head and body 4'"'5, tail 0'-55, head 155. ear 0'°75 x 0''-45, ear to tip of nose 1'35, eye to tip of nose 0''°55, forearm 2'°85, thumb 0:85, first finger 1’-8, third finger 4'9, fourth finger 3'8, fifth finger 3:3, tibia 1'"2, foot 0'°75. Hab. Burma (Farm Caves, Moulmein).
a. ad., al. Moulmein. Calcutta Museum [eh db, skull. Burma. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.].
9. MACROGLOSSUS.
Macroglossus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammif. p. 40 (1825); Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p.96 (1835-41); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1866, p. 64; Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1867, p.870 ; Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 204; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 34 (1876).
96 PTEROPODIDE.
Muzzle cylindrical, very long and narrow ; nostrils not projecting ; upper lip not grooved in front; tongue very long aud attenuated ; ears simple, separate ; index finger with a distinct claw ; metacarpal bone of second finger equal to or longer than index finger; wings from the sides, their points of attachment separated by a considerable interval from the spine; wing-membrane from the base of the fourth toe; tail very short.
Dentition. Inc. c. = pm. = m. = Upper incisors in a triangular series ; molars very small and weak.
1. Macroglossus minimus.
Pteropus minimus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 97 (1810). Pteropus rostratus, Horsfield, Zool. Research. i Java (1825). Macroglossus minimus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 191, ii. p. 96 (1835-41) ; Horsjield, Cat. Mammal. Mus. E. I. Comp. p. 29 (1851); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p. 64; Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1867, p. 871; Gray, Cat. Monkeys and Fruiteating Bats, 1870, p.115; Dobson, J..A. S. B.1873, p. 205 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. pp. 34, 35, fig.
Macroglossa minima, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii, p. 504 (1838). Ears scarcely more than half the length of the head, narrow, rounded at the tip; face abruptly narrowed in front of the eyes; muzzle very long, narrow, and cylindrical; nostrils not prominent, the slight groove between them not passing down to the upper lip; lower jaw projecting slightly beyond the upper jaw in front; eyes large ; tongue very long, attenuated in its terminal third, covered with numerous long brush-like papilla, capable of being protruded to a considerable distance from the mouth.
Interfemoral membrane very narrow, reduced to a scarcely perceptible band at the root of the tail, which in most specimens is so small as to be quite concealed by the fur.
Fur reddish brown, and much longer than in most of the species of Pteropodide.
Upper incisors in a triangular series, very small, scarcely raised above the level of the gum, each tooth separated from the next by an interval, which is widest between the two central teeth. Upper premolars nearly equal in size, with single subacute cusps slanting forwards, each premolar separated by a considerable interval from the next. Molars with very narrow horizontal crowns, scarcely raised above the level of the gum.
Length (of an adult Q preserved in alcohol), head and body 23, tail 0'"3, head 1”, ear to tip of nostril 0'"8, eye to tip of nostril 0-4, ear 06 x 0°35, forearm 1°55, thumb 0'°6, third finger 3”, fifth finger 2'"2, tibia 0-6, foot 0°35.
Hab. From the Himalaya (Darjiling) through Burma to the Malay Archipelago and North and West Australia. Probably distributed throughout all the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and extending as far east as New Ireland.
10. MELONYCTERIS. 97 a. 2 ad. sk. Java.
b. ad. sk, Java.
e. ¢ imm. sk. Java. General Hardwicke [P.]}.
d. & ad. sk, Java. E. I. Company [P.].
e. ad. sk. Mysol Island.
Ff ® ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll. 9h. 3 and 9 ad.,al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll. z, J. ad. sks. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. k,l. < ane © ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
m. skull.
10. MELONYCTERIS.
Melonycteris*, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 119. Muzzle long, narrow, cylindrical; nostrils projecting slightly ; upper lip with a vertical groove bounded laterally by naked raised edges, as in Pteropus and Cynopterus; index finger with a distinct claw ; metacarpal bone of middle finger as long as the index finger ; wing-membrane from the sides of the body and from the dorsal surface of the base of the middle toe; tail none. Dentition. Inc. a CG. jj) PM. 355, M. 55.
First upper and lower premolars very small, close to the base of the canines ; molars close together, very narrow, scarcely elevated above the gum.
Tongue very long and narrow, as in Macroglossus. This genus is most closely related to Macroglossus, with which it agrees in the general form of the skull and in the mode of attachment of the wing-membrane to the sides of the body, but is distinguished by the very different position and size of the first premolars, by the origin of the wing-membrane from the middle toe instead of from the base of the fourth, and by the form of the extremity of the muzzle.
1. Melonycteris melanops.
Melonycteris' melanops, Dobson, P. Z. S. June 1877, p. 119, figs, 4-7 and pl. xvii.
Praca (Cheiropteruges) alboscapulatus, Pierson Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, July 1877, p. 17. Slightly smaller than Honycteris spelea, Dobson, which it resembles closely in the external form of the muzzle; nostrils as in Cynonycteris ampleaicaudata, but scarcely so prominent, separated by a deep groove which passes down to the upper lip, where it becomes narrower and is margined as in Cynopterus by raised naked edges; tongue very long, much attenuated in terminal fourth, armed with long recurved brush-like papilla ; ears about as long as the muzzle, oval, rounded off above, the outer and inner margins of the ear-conch equally convex, so that the ear attains its greatest width in the iddle. ’ ; ‘s Interfemoral membrane very short behind ; no trace of a tail in * pndoy, tree-fruit ; vukrepis, a bat.
oH
98 PTEROPODIDE.
either of the specimens. Wing-membrane from the base of the middle toe, or from the space between the second and middle toe, and from the sides of the body.
Fur moderately short, but very dense, extending thickly upon the wing-membrane as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and more thinly for a considerable distance beyond, and also covering the short interfemoral membrane and the legs. Above, bright reddish yellow, the base of the hairs dark; on each shoulder, at the point of origin of the antebrachial membrane, a small patch of white hairs; crown of the head greyish yellow, the base of the hairs dark brown; a large patch round each eye dark brown, almost black; anterior half of the muzzle pale buff, a narrow streak of the same colour passing backwards between the eyes; the whole under surface of the body dark brown, almost black, the extremities of the hairs greyish ; the fur on the sides of the body longer, and the terminal half of the hairs brownish buff. Upper incisors small, forming a semicircle in front and separated from the canines by a wide space on either side, central incisors somewhat larger than the outer ones and converging slightly ; lower incisors very small, in pairs separated by a space between; upper canines remarkably long and strong, deeply grooved anteriorly by a longitudinal furrow ; first upper premolar exceedingly small, and so close to the canine as to appear to be a small basal projection from that tooth; second premolar larger than any of the other teeth (except the canines), in the centre of the wide space between the canine and first molar; third premolar shaped like the second premolar, but much smaller and close to the first molar ; molars very narrow, scarcely raised above the gum; first lower premolar larger than the corresponding tooth in the upper jaw, but still very small and similarly placed close to the canine, and separated from the second premolar by a wide space equal to the distance between the lower canines ; second lower premolar scarcely larger than the third and separated from it by a wide space; third premolar close to the first molar ; molars close together, very narrow, their roots and those of the other teeth in both jaws visible through the exceedingly thin translucent alveoli.
The molar teeth in this species appear to be proportionately smaller than in any other known species of Megachiroptera, while the canines are long and stronger.
Length (of an adult 3), head and body 4”, head 1'4, eye from nose 0'"55, ear 0'°6, forearm 2'°4, thumb 0°85, first finger 1'"9 ; second finger—metacarp. 1'°85, 1st ph. 1'"35, 2nd ph. 1-9; fourth finger—metacarp. 19, lst ph. 08, 2nd ph. 0"°8; tibia 1-05, calcaneum 03, foot and claws 0’°7.
Hab. Duke of York Island, New Ireland.
a. & ad.sk. (type). Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. (Figured in P. Z. 8. 1877, pl. xvii.)
b. 9 ad. sk. (in alcohol), Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. ce, skull of &. (Teeth figured in P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 120.)
RHINOLOPHIDE, 99 Suborder I. MICROCHIROPTERA.
Family RHINOLOPHID2.
Rhinolophide, Gray (in part), P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81; Dobson, Ann. Carey Nat, Hist. 1875, xvi. p. 846 ; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 86 ).
Bats with well-developed foliaceous cutaneous appendages surrounding the nasal apertures, which are situated in a depression on the upper surface of the muzzle; with large, generally separated ears, without a tragus; with two phalanges in the middle finger, and an imperfect index finger without a phalanx; and with rudimentary premaxillary bones suspended from the nasal cartilages. The dental formula never exceeds Inc. =, C. = pm. — m. =, = 382 teeth.
The number of premolars varies from am to = or —. The upper incisors are quite rudimentary, placed at the extremities of the slender premaxillary bones in the centre of the space between the canines, and separated by an interval; the first upper, premolar is minute; the molars are well developed, with acute Wshaped cusps.
The very complicated nasal appendages consist of three parts, the homologies of which may generally be easily traced throughout the different genera and species :—(1) the horizontal nose-leaf, generally horseshoe-shaped, which more or less covers the sides and anterior extremity of the muzzle, and includes within its inner margin the nasal apertures, between or behind which a central process or ridge (2), the central nose-leaf or sella, is placed; while more posteriorly (3) the terminal or posterior nose-leaf arises vertically, or extends backwards between the ears.
The skull is large; and the nasal bones, which support the large nasal cutaneous appendages, are much expanded vertically and laterally. Tibia long and straight; fibula rudimentary. Females with two nipple-shaped appendages slightly in front of the pubis. Tail distinct, produced to the posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane.
These Bats are readily distinguished by the form of their nasal appendages, and by their rudimentary premaxillary bones supporting two minuto, usually bilobed incisors; their molars are acutely tubercular, and enable them to crush with ease the hard cases of H2
100 RHINOLOPHID.Z.
insects, especially Coleoptera, which, from remains found in their stomachs, seem to constitute a very large proportion of their food. From whatever point of their structure they may be considered, the Rhinolophide are evidently the most highly organized of insectivorous Bats. In them the osseous and cutaneous systems reach the most perfect development. Compared with theirs the bones of the extremities and the volar membranes of other Bats appear coarsely formed, and even their teeth seem less perfectly fitted to crush the hard bodies of insects. The very complicated nasal membranes, which evidently act as delicate organs of special perception akin to the sense of touch, here reach their highest development in Chiroptera ; and the differences in their form afford valuable characters in enabling us to distinguish the different species which agree together remarkably in dentition, and in the form and relative lengths of the bones of their extremities, as well as in the colour and distribution of their fur, which rarely extends upon the membranes.
In their habits they appear to differ from other insectivorous Bats without nasal appendages, inhabiting the same regions, by coming out later in the evening, or when the sun has completely gone below the horizon. This peculiarity is probably connected with their possession of special organs of touch in the complicated nose-leaf, and delicately formed ears and membranes, which may permit them to commence and continue their hunt for insect prey at a time when other Bats have retired to their sleeping-places. Hab. Temperate and tropical parts of the eastern hemisphere, from Ireland to New Ireland. As yet no species has been recorded, with certainty, from any part of the Polynesian Subregion. Subfam. I. RHINOLOPHIN A.
First toe with two, remaining toes with three joints each; iliopectineal spine not connected by bone with the antero-inferior surface of the ilium.
1..RHINOLOPHUS.
Rhinolophus, Geoffroy, Desm. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 1808, xix. . 383; Bonaparte, Saggio di una distrib. anim. vertebr. 1881, p. 16; eters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 803; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 37 (1876).
Aquias, Phyllotis, Rhinolophus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81. Nose-leaf very complicated, consisting of three distinct portions —anterior, central, and posterior; the anterior horizontal portion is horseshoe-shaped, usually angularly emarginate in front, containing within its circumference the nasal orifices and the central erect nasal process ; the posterior nose-leaf is triangular, erect, with cells on its anterior surface ; the central process rises between and behind the nasal orifices, is flattened anteriorly, and posteriorly sends back-