14, CAROLLIA. 493 the basal projections on the inner sides of the upper molars feebly developed, with a single tubercle only, so that these teeth are triangular in cross section at the base. Skull wider between the postorbital fosse than across the anterior extremities of the nasal bones. Zygomatic arches deficient. (See Plate XXVI. figs. 5, 5a.) 1. Carollia brevicauda.
Phyllostoma brevicaudum, Wied, Schinz, Thierreich, i. p. 164 (1821) ; Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. ii. p. 192 (1825); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth.i. p.401 (1844), v. p. 626 (1855); Burmeister, There Brasil, p. 41 (1854).
Vampyrus soricinus, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 66, pl. xxxvi. gs. ii. & vi. (1823).
Phyllostoma grayi, Waterhouse, Voy. ‘ Beagle’ Mammalia, p. 8, pl. ii. 1839).
Phyllostoma lanceolatum (Natterer), Temminck, Gray, List Mammalia Brit. Mus. p. 20 (1843).
Ph eee bicolor, Wagner, op. cit. i. p. 400 (1844), v. p. 626 55).
Carollia verrucata, Gray, Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’ Mammalia, p. 20, pl. viii. fig. 3 (1844).
Phyllostoma calcaratum, Wagner, Abh. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 168. Phyllostoma brachyotum, Burmeister, op. cit. p. 46 (1854) (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1865, p. 519, note).
Hemiderma brevicaudum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 43, pl. vii. fig. 4, pl. ix. figs. 8, 8a (1855). Carollia azteca, Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool. xii. p. 480, pl. xx. figs. 1, 1a (1860).
Carollia brevicauda, Peters, 7. c.* Rhinops minor, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 115.
Head slightly raised above the face-line, forehead flat; muzzle conical, the distance between the eyes is equal to the distance from the eye to the end of the muzzle ; nose-leaf at the extremity of the muzzle, the front margin continuous with the upper lip; terminal erect leaf ovate, acuminate, arising, as in Phyllostoma, between the nasal apertures, the centre of the leaf slightly raised, but not forming a longitudinal ridge; ears separate, much shorter than the head, the upper third of the outer margin concave, the lower two thirds gradually convex; tragus as in Phyllostoma hastatwm, a prominent ridge, directed upwards and inwards, in front of the base of its inner margin; lower lip with a central wart, and on either side a longitudinal elevation, divided by grooves into oblong warts, forming a triangle.
Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane rather deep, angularly emarginate in a line with the commencement of the distal third of the tibia; tail short, contained, as in Phyllostoma, in the base of the membrane; calcaneum short, equal to half the foot in length.
Fur moderately long and dense, dark brown above and beneath, * The synonymy of this species has been well worked out by Dr. Peters in his paper on the group Vampyri referred to above,
494 PHYLLOSTOMID 2.
on the upper surface extending upon the wing-membrane nearly as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee; a few fine very short hairs appear upon the fleshy part of the forearm ; the legs and the interfemoral membrane behind the extremity of the tail are naked; beneath, the membranes are almost quite naked. Upper inner incisors unicuspidate, converging inwards and touching by their extremities; outer incisors very small; lower incisors small, with notched crowns, the middle incisors broader than the outer ones: first upper premolar nearly equal to the second in cross section, and much exceeding it in vertical extent; its anterior margin convex, touching the canine ; its posterior margin concave, separated by a considerable interval from the short cusp of the second premolar: first and second upper molars nearly equal, with small internal horizontal basal projections much less developed than in Phyllostoma, and narrow W-shaped cusps with obtuse inner angles ; last upper molar small, triangular in cross section, scarcely one third the size of the second molar, placed on the root of the zygomatic process; lower premolars nearly equal in vertical extent and in cross section; molars rather narrow, progressively slightly smaller from before backwards.
Skull comparatively longer than in Phyllostoma hastatum, and more narrowed in front. Zygomatic arch deficient, represented by a small process of the maxillary bone in front and by a corresponding process of the temporal bone behind (Plate XX VI. figs. 5, 5a). Length, head and body 2”, tail 0':5, interfemoral membrane in the centre 0''9, head 0-9, ear 0'-75, tragus 0':25, forearm 1'6, thumb 0'"5; third finger—metacarp. 1°45, 1st ph. 0'"7, 2nd ph. 0'-85, 8rd ph. 0-5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1-4, Ist ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph. 0-5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°45, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0'-5; tibia 0-6, caleaneum 0'"3, foot 0'°5.
Hab. Neotropical Region, apparently generally distributed from Mexico to Sta. Catherina in Southern Brazil, and throughout the West Indian Islands.
This species forms a connecting link between the groups Vampyri and Glossophage, resembling many of the species of the latter group (especially those of the genus Phyllonycteris) in the narrowness of the molars and in the imperfect zygomatic arches. So closely does it resemble Glossophaga soricina externally that it has often been confounded with that species.
a, 9 ad, al. Jamaica. Dr. A. Smith [P.].
b. & ad., al. Isle of Grenada. Purchased.
ce. ad. sk. Mexico. M. Sallé [C.].
d, e. ad. sks. Central America. Dr. J. E. rer f oad, al. Columbia. Mr. Brandt [C. ].
gj. ad. sks. Bolivia. Mr. Bridges [C.].
k. ad. sk. Rio Napo. Purchased.
t. ad. sk. Ega, Amazons. 4H. W. Bates, Esq. ce m, ad. sk. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. : + n-g. 6&2 imm,etad.,al. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P. ]. r. © ad., al. Para. Purchased.
s. 9 ad., al. Rio Janeiro. G. Busk, Esq. [P.].
15, RHINOPHYLLA. 495 tb’. imm. et ad. sks. Bahia. Comte de Castelnau [P.]. ce’. ad. sk, Bahia. Comte de Castelnau Pf (Type of Rhkinops minor, Gray.)
d',e'. ad. sks. Sta. Catherina. E. I. House Coll. tig 3 & Q ad.,al. Brazil. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. h’. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
yj’. fo ad, al. Brazil.
k’. ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
W’. ad. sk. Minas Geraes. Purchased.
m'-q'. g¢ & @ juv. et ad. M. Lidth de Jeude. r', 9 ad., al. No history.
s'. ad. sk. Leyden Museum.
t-v'. ad. sks. No history.
w'. ad. sk. Old Collection.
(Type of Carollia verrucata, Gray.)
wv’, ad. sk. Purchased.
y'. skeleton. Pernambuco. J.P.G. Smith, Esq. [P.]. z'-b". skulls of g, h, @.
ec". skull of #.
ad". skull of 7.
15. RHINOPHYLLA.
Rhinophylla, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, pp. 355, 520. Ears and nasal appendages as in Carollia; muzzle shorter ; crown of the head slightly elevated ; chin with a central wart surrounded by other warts; wings as in Carollia, but the wing-membrane extends to the metatarsus ; tail none. Dentition. Tne. i Cc. A pm. =, m. —.
Molars narrower than in Carollia, without distinct W-shaped cusps, and without horizontal projections from the inner sides of their bases.
1. Rhinophylla pumilio.
Rhinophylla pumilio, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1865, pp. 355, 521. Crown of the head slightly raised above the face-line; muzzle obtusely conical, the distance between the eyes is equal to the distance from the eye to the extremity of the muzzle; front edge of the horseshoe-shaped leaf continuous with the upper lip, the erect ovate-lanceolate leaf twice as long as the horseshoe, narrowed in upper third and acutely pointed, the centre slightly raised, but not forming a longitudinal ridge; ears separate, much shorter than the head, the upper third of the outer side of the ear-conch deeply emarginate, the lower two thirds convex, the convexity commencing abruptly ; tragus as in Carollia brevicauda, and from the base of its inner margin a similar raised ridge extends upwards and forwards as in that species; chin with a central wart and a larger longitudinal wart on either side, forming a triangle, at the apex of which beneath a single small wart is placed. Wings from the metatarsus, extending almost to the base of the
496 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.
toes; interfemoral membrane angularly emarginate, extending almost as far back as the middle of the tibie; calcaneum short, not exceeding half the foot in length.
The fur covers the fleshy part of the forearm, and extends upon the wing-membrane almost as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the distal third of the femur, a few fine hairs appear upon the interfemoral membrane and upon the legs and backs of the feet ; beneath, the membranes are almost naked.
Upper inner incisors converging inwards, and touching by their inner extremities, their summits broad and very distinctly notched ; outer incisors minute ; lower incisors unequal, the two middle much wider and somewhat longer than those next the canines, which are very small, with oblique summits directed upwards and inwards, the middle pair distinctly trifid (Plate X XVII. fig. 1); first upper premolar in the tooth-row very small, cylindrical, with a flat circular crown, smaller than the last upper molar, which is also cylindrical and scarcely raised above the gum; second upper premolar narrow, with a triangular crown, equal to the first molar in cross section at the base; the first molar narrow, much longer than broad, slightly exceeding the second in vertical extent, without W-shaped cusps, and without an internal basal projection; second upper molar similar, but smaller ; last upper molar very small, cylindrical, close behind the second molar; lower premolars nearly equal in size, with broadly triangular summits; molars very narrow, with a single central triangular cusp and an anterior and posterior basal projection ; last molar slightly smaller than the antepenultimate molar (Plate X XVII. figs. la, 16).
Skull shortly and obtusely conical in front, the width across the nasal bones less than between the temporal fosse ; brain-case but slightly vaulted and raised above the face-line. Length, head and body 1'°8, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0:3, head 0:7, ear 0':6, tragus 0'"25, nose-leaf 0'°35 x 0'"2, forearm 1'-25, thumb 0'°35 ; third finger—metacarp. 1:15, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"7, 8rd ph. 0-5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°15, 1st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'-45; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°2, 1st ph. 0'-35, 2nd ph. 0'°35 ; tibia 0'°4, calcaneum 0'°15, foot 0'"35. Hab. Brazil (Bahia).
This species connects the Vampyri with the Glossophage and with the Sternodermata, resembling the species of the former group in the narrow molars and in the form of the nose-leaf, those of the latter in the form and arrangement of the chin-warts, in the shape of the ears, in the presence of a very prominent cutaneous ridge extending upwards and outwards from the base of the inner margin of the tragus, in the small circular last upper molar, and in the absence of the tail. It is the smallest species of Phyllostomide known, the forearm being shorter than in either Artibeus cinereus or A. quadrivittatus, which otherwise it approaches in size. a. 3 ad, al. Bahia. G. E. Dobson, M.B. (E.].
GLOSSOPHAG.E. 497 Group 2. GLOSSOPHAG.E.
Glossophages, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 257, 1868, p. 861. Muzzle long and narrow; tongue remarkably long and extensible, much attenuated towards the tip, the sides or upper surface near the tip with long filiform recurved papille; lower lip with a wide groove above and in front margined by small warts; nose-leaf small, the horizontal portion scarcely developed in front of the nasal apertures, which open above, near the extremity of the muzzle; tail short or none.
Dentition. Inc. ; or = pm. = or = or = m. = or gor a Premolars and molars very narrow, their antero-posterior much exceeding their transverse diameter; molars with narrow W-shaped cusps, which are sometimes indistinct or absent ; lower incisors very small or deciduous.
Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region.
The species of this group are at once distinguished from all other species of Phyllostomide by their long and much attenuated tongue clothed with filiform papille, and by the deep groove in the upper surface of the centre of the lower lip. In other respects the typical Species, Glossophaga soricina, so closely resembles Carollia brevicauda, both in external form and in dentition, that it has not unfrequently been confounded with that species, which must therefore, as well as Rhinophylla pumilio, be regarded as connecting links between the Vampyri and the Glossophage.
The only other Bats possessing similarly long tongues beset with filiform papille are the frugivorous Macroglossi, belonging to the widely removed family Pteropodide ; and, judging from analogy, we should expect to find that the Glossophage were, like the Macroglosst, frugivorous in their habits, while the form of their teeth would lead us to suppose that they were also insectivorous. That these views are correct appears to be shown by the observations of Mr. W. Osburn* and by those of the Prince of Neuwiedt+. The former found that Phyllonycteris sezekorni feeds on the bread-fruit and on berries of Cordia collococca, with the débris of which the floors of the caves inhabited by this species were thickly strewn ; the latter discovered remains of insects in the stomachs of Glossophaga soricina and of Lonchoglossa wiedi.
It is probable that the species with well-developed interfemoral membrane (as Glossophaga soricina and Cheeronycteris mewicana) are chiefly insectivorous, while those in which the membrane is small or quite rudimentary feed principally on fruit.
The ten species included in this group represent seven genera, which are distinguished principally by differences in the form and number of the teeth, and by the presence or absence of the zygomatie arches. The form and position of the upper incisors are extremely variable. In Glossophaga and Phyllonycteris the upper incisors form, as in the Vampyri, a continuous row between the canines ; in * P.Z.S. 1865, p. 83. t Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. ii, pp. 212, 217. 2K
498 PHYLLOSTOMID %.
Monophyllus and Ischnoglossa they are separated into pairs by a narrow interval in front; while in Lonchoglossa, Glossonycterts, and Cheronycteris they are widely separated and placed in pairs near the canines: in the first four genera the lower incisors are present (at least up to a certain age), in the latter three they are deciduous even in youth. The zygomatic arch is undeveloped in Phyllonycteris (which agrees with Carollia in this respect as well as in dentition), in Glossonycterts, and in Cheronycteris. Synopsis of the Genera. a. Molars with more or less distinct W-shaped cusps.
a’, Inner upper incisors larger than the outer ones, a, Upper incisors in a row between the canines.
a’. Zycomatic arch complete; interfemoral membrane well developed; 2-2 3-3 premolars Bog TOs BT Bete eee ee b'’. Zygomatic arch undeveloped; interfemoral membrane very narrow; 3-3 pEEsCeeeeeeoeeeey b". Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a small space.
ce’. Zygomatic arch complete; tail extending beyond the narrow inter- 2-2 femoral membrane; premolars 3—, ¥ 1 2—2 premolars 9-2) m.
d'". Zygomatic arch complete; no tail; interfemoral membrane very nar- 22 2-98 row; premolars 3-3, M. 5-5 ...+.. b'. Inner upper incisors smaller than the outer ones.
b". Upper incisors in pairs, separated by a wide space.
e'’, Zygomatic arch complete ; premolars rub ¢ Sao sie :
g-y Mm. g—g3; tail and interfemoral membrane very short ..........4. f''. Zygomatic arch undeveloped; prevars 22m. 2 Molars s—y, M. Ghee eee eee eee b. Molars very narrow, without distinct W-shaped cusps.
b'. Inner upper incisors smaller than the outer ones, b". Inner upper incisors in pairs, separated by a wide space.
g'"'. Zygomatic arch undeveloped; pre- 3-8 3-8 molars ;—3, m. 3-3; first upper premolar deciduous; tail short; interfemoral membrane well developed . . 16. GLOSSOPHAGA, [p. 499.
17. PHYLLoNycTERIS, [p. 501.
18. MonopHYLLvs, [p. 503.
19, IscHnoeGLossa, [p. 505.
20. LoncHOoGLossa, [ p. 506.
21. GLossonyCcTERIS, [p. 508.
[p. 509.
22. CH@RONYCTERIS,
16, GLossoPHAGA. 499 : 16. GLOSSOPHAGA.
Glossophaga, Geoffroy (in part), Mém. du Muséum, iv. p. 411 (1818); Tschudi, Fauna Peruuna, p. 69 (1844-46); Burmeister (in part), Thiere Brasiliens, p. 52 (1854); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868 .362.
PLyilophors et Glossophaga, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. pp. 489, 490 (1838).
Nicon, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847). Muzzle moderately long; erect portion of the nose-leaf well developed; tongue with long filiform papille on the sides; interfemoral membrane large; calcaneum and tail distinct, the latter terminating on the upper surface of the membrane. oe 4) 1-1 2-2 3-3 Dentition. Inc. 3, ¢. =, pm. 3-3, M. 5 - Upper and lower incisors forming a continuous semicircular row between the canines; the inner upper incisors larger and broader than the outer ones; molars with distinct W-shaped cusps. Skull moderately long, with well-developed zygomatic arches. 1. Glossophaga soricina.
Vespertilio soricinus, Pallas, Miscell. Zoolog. p. 48, pl. iv. figs. 16-18, and pl. v. (1766); Sprcileg. Zoolog. iii. p. 24, pls. ili., iv. (1767) ; Schreber, Stiugeth. i. p. 161, pl. xlvii. (1775). Phyllostoma soricinum, Geafivoy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 179, pl. xi. (1810).
Glossophaga soricina e¢ amplexicaudata, Geoffroy, Mém. du Muséum, iv. p. 418, pl. xviii. (1818); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Sdugeth. i. pp. 387, 390, v. pp. 617, 618. et ; Glossophaga amplexicaudata, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 66, pl. xxxvi. fig. iv. (1823); Wied, Beitr. zur Naturg. Brasil. p. 208 (1826); Tschudi, Faunu Peruana, p. 69 (1844-46). Phyllophora amplexicaudata et Glossophaga soricina, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 490 (1888). ; Phyllophora nigra, Gray, Voy. ‘ Sulphur, p. 18, pl. v. fig. i. (1844). Monophyllus leachii, Gray, Voy. ‘Sulphur, Mammatia, iP 18 (1844). Nicon caudifer, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 407 (1847). Phyllophora amplexicaudata, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoolog. p. 40, pl. viii. figs. 1, 1a, 15, pl. ix. fig. 9 (1855). Glossophaga soricina, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1865, p. 352, 1868, p. 862.
Muzzle narrow and elongated, the distance between the eyes is equal to three fourths the distance between the eye and the end of the muzzle: ears short and broad, much shorter than the head, broadly rounded off ; inner margin of the ear-conch strongly convex, outer straight in upper two thirds, in lower third slightly convex : tragus triangular, acutely pointed as in Rhinophylla: nose-leaf at the extremity of the muzzle; the horizontal portion very narrow in front, slightly broader than the erect leaf, which is ovate-acuminate and slightly concave on the sides towards the extremity : no central 2K
500 PHYLLOSTOMID.£.
longitudinal ridge ; tongue very long, much attenuated in its terminal fourth, and flattened, the centre naked above and beneath, the sides set with long filiform papille directed backwards; lower lip widely grooved above and also in front, the edges of the groove margined with small warts.
Thumb well developed, with a large claw; first phalanx of the middle finger less than half the length of the metacarpal bone; wings from the ankles; caleaneum half the length of the foot; interfemoral membrane concave behind, extending as far back in the middle line as the centre of the tibia; tail very short, the extreme tip appearing upon the upper surface of the membrane. Fur, above, dark brown, paler towards the base of the hairs ; beneath, similar, but paler ; moderately long, scarcely extending upon the volar membranes, but the metacarpal bone of the thumb is clothed with short hairs ; the face is covered to the extremity of the muzzle with short fur, and several single, fine, long hairs spring from the muzzle in front of the eyes and behind the chin. Upper incisors in a semicircular row between the canines, all close together; the central pair chisel-shaped, larger than the outer ones, which have oblique cusps slanting downwards and inwards; lower incisors equal, cylindrical, flat-crowned, in a convex row (Plate XXVII. fig. 2); upper canines with a projecting cingulum behind ; upper premolars narrow, triangular, nearly equal; the first premolar separated from the canine by a small interspace, the remaining teeth close together ; first and second upper molars almost equal, with narrow W-shaped cusps, and horizontal base projecting inwards ; last upper molar three fourths the antepenultimate molar ; lower premolars equal in size as in upper jaw; molars narrow, with blunt cusps.
Length (of an adult 2), head and body 2”, tail 0-3, interfemoral membrane in the middle 0”°6, head 0'8, eye from end of muzzle 0"-3, ear 0'°55, tragus 0''-2, nose-leaf 0”:25, forearm 1'-35, thumb 0-3; third finger—metacarp. 13, first ph. 0-5, second ph. 0-6, third ph. 0”-4; fourth finger—metacarp. 1”:2, first ph. 0’-4, second ph. 0-4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1”-15, first ph. 0”35, second ph. 0:35; tibia 0:45, calceaneum 0”:2, foot 0-38.
Hab. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region, probably generally distributed. In the Mexican, Brazilian, and Chilian Subregions, recorded from Mexico (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Coban), Costa Rica, Venezuela, Island of Trinidad, British Guiana, Surinam, Brazil, Upper Amazons, Peru, Bolivia; and in the Antillean Subregion, from Jamaica and the Isle of Grenada.
This species is so widely distributed and so abundant in the Neotropical Region, that examples of it are found in almost every collection made in the tropical parts of that region, and this has led to the very great list of synonyms which preface the description. The synonymy of this and of the other species of the group Glossophage has been most carefully worked out by Dr. Peters in his paper referred to above. The original description, published by Pallas more than one hundred years ago, leaves little to be desired ;