1]. PHYLLosroma. 485 inner margin of the ear-conch convex, the convexity decreasing upwards ; upper half of the outer margin flatly emarginate, causing the tip of the ear to project slightly ; lower half slightly convex; from the inner surface of the conch, near the anterior termination of the outer margin, arises parallel to the tragus a well-defined small square process, whereof the outer upper angle projects outwards; tragus much longer than wide, attenuated in upper third and subacutely pointed ; inner margin convex below, concave above, lower third of the outer margin forming a square lobe (as in most other species of the subfamily) with projections at the lower and upper angles, about the middie of the outer margin a separate small pointed process, above which there is an obtuse angular projection from which the outer margin slopes upwards and inwards to form the tip; nose-leaf near the extremity of the muzzle, surrounded by glandular elevations less developed immediately in front and behind ; horizontal leaf circular, having the uncovered nasal apertures opening in the centre, from between which the base of the erect posterior leaf arises ; posterior erect leaf ovate, acuminate, in its widest part not quite equalling the width of the horseshoe, with a prominent longitudinal ridge; margin of the horseshoe separated from the muzzle laterally and in front; lower lip with a wide groove in front, margined on either side by nine small warts, whereof the two upper and inner are larger (Plate XXV. fig. 3, head).
In males the circular opening of a glandular sac exists in the inferior surface of the neck, slightly in front of the anterior extremity of the sternum; in females, a small rudimentary orifice alone is found.
Wing-membrane extending to the ankles ; tail short, of five vertebra, included in the base of the large interfemoral membrane, and projecting very slightly on its upper surface; caleaneum one third longer than the foot.
On the upper surface the fur covers half the forearm, and the base of the interfemoral membrane as far as the point of exit of the tail; the remaining parts of the membranes and extremities are quite naked ; beneath, a very few fine hairs appear upon the antebrachial membranes and upon the wing-membrane near the body. The fur covering the body and head is moderately long and dense, and covers the face as far forwards as the posterior margin of the noseleaf.
Above, dark greyish or reddish brown ; paler beneath: or brilliant chestnut-brown above, slightly paler beneath.
Frontals flattened between the orbits; no postorbital processes ; crown of the skull slightly and gradually raised above the face-line, with a well-defined sagittal crest, mastoid and paroccipital processes forming large flattened projections ; basisphenoid deeply excavated on each side behind the commencement of the mesopterygoid fossa ; bony palate not extending quite so far back as the middle of the slender zygomata.
Middle upper incisors moderately large, with broad oblique
486 PHYLLOSTOMID-£.
cusps directed forwards, downwards, and inwards, with chisel-shaped unnotched cutting-edges, their inner margins close together; outer incisor on each side very small, not equalling the cingulum of the inner incisor in vertical extent, and occupying the narrow space between the inner incisor and the canine ; lower incisors equal, symmetrical, chisel-shaped ; first upper premolar with an oblique cusp, directed forwards and slightly inwards, touching the base of the canine; second upper premolar much larger, unicuspidate ; last upper molar somewhat less than half the antepenultimate molar ; first lower premolar triangular, nearly equalling the second in vertical extent, and exceeding it and the canine in cross section at the base; first and second molars equal, last molar three fourths the antepenultimate molar.
(For measurements see Table, p. 488.)
Hab. Brazilian Subregion; Peru. Appears to be confined to the forest-clad districts of these countries. Living in hollow trees, and between the large leaves of different species of palms. Next to Vampyrus spectrum this is the largest species of Bat inhabiting the Western Hemisphere, the length of the head and body being nearly four inches, while the forearm measures three and a quarter.
The stomach is asimple pouch with rather thin walls, the mucous membrane not thickened or arranged in folds as in Vampyrus spectrum. I found the stomach of a specimen dissected by me filled with the comminuted remains of insects.
This species, in common with Vampyrus spectrum, was long believed to be sanguivorous in its habits, and the Prince of Neuwied gives credit to the current accounts (op. cit.). It is very probable that most of the larger species of insectivorous Bats (like Megaderma lyra) occasionally feed on the smaller Bats and other small mammals.
a, ad., al. Demerara. Purchased.
b. ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.
c-e. ad. sks. Paya. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
Kho &$ &Qad,al. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.]. A. ad. sk. Pernambuco. J.P. G. Smith, Esq. [P.]. a,j. ad. sks. Rio Napo, Brazil. Purchased. k. ad. sk, Brazil. J. Chant, Esq. [P.].
1, ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
m-—o. ad. sks. Brazil. Old Collection.
p. ad. sk. South America. Sir Everard Home [P.]. g. ad. sk. South America. Purchased.
r. dad, al. Purchased.
s-v. d& 9 ad, al. M. Lidth de Jeude [C.].
w. ad. sk. Purchased.
a. ad. sk. Zool. Soc. Coll.
y,% ad, sk. St. George Mivart, Esq. [P.].
#'. sk, Upper Amazons.
ll. pHYLLosroma. 487 2. Phyllostoma discolor.
Phyllostoma discolor, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, p. 866. Phyllostoma innominatum, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 62 (1844-46). Phyllostoma angusticeps, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 47 (1855).
Much smaller than Ph. hastatum, from which it is distinguished by the following characters also :—Muzzle comparatively longer and narrower, and the glandular elevations surrounding the horizontal portion of the nose-leaf do not extend in front; ears much more broadly rounded off at the tip, the projection from the inner surface of the ear-conch near the termination of the outer margin of the ear rounded off, not square; calcaneum shorter than the foot. Gular sac as in Ph. hastatum.
Fur, above, reddish brown, paler on the head, the base of the hairs yellowish white ; beneath, the whole neck and the greater part of the chest and abdomen pale brownish buff, the sides of the chest and abdomen much darker Teeth as in Ph. hastutum.
(For measurements see Table, p. 488.)
Hab. Guianas; Brazil; Peru (as far as 10° S. lat.). Specimens of this species, at first sight, resemble not full-grown examples of Ph. hastatum, but, on closer examination, the much narrower muzzle and the shortness of the calcaneum at once distinguish them.
a. o ad., al. Surinam. Dr. Peters [E.].
b,c. f ad., al. Surinam. Purchased, d, g ad., al. Purchased.
3. Phyllostoma elongatum.
Phyllostoma elongatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 182, pl. 9 (1810); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Séiugeth. i. p. 396 (1844), v. p. 624 (1855); Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 61 (1844-46). Alectops ater, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 114 (woodcut of head). Slightly larger than Ph. discolor, but much smaller than Ph. hastatum, and easily distinguished from both by the much greater length of the vertical nose-leaf, which is also narrower and more attenuated above; the ears are comparatively longer and much broader, and more rounded off above, owing to the much greater convexity of the upper half of the inner margin, the tragus is also more attenuated (Plate XXV. fig. 4, head). In all other respects, in the form of the muzzle, position and size of the gular sac, attachment of the wingmembrane, comparative measurements, &c., this species closely resembles Ph. hastatum.
(For measurements see Table, p. 488.)
Hab. Surinam; Brazil; Peru.
Type in the collection of the Paris Museum. The type of Alectops ater, Gray, is in the Hunterian Museum,
488 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.
The following Table exhibits the measurements of the three species described above :— Ph. has- | Ph. dis- | Ph. elontatum color. | gatwm Length, head and body .............ccesseeeeeeneeees 3-9 30 31 A tail’ vadsvecsseevanavs sceomsdnncrsastusteewines ens 0-7 05 0:8 . HOAs ccsadcasvensnuiecosscnsacedavessshvenwessass 1-45 1-2 12 i CALS aw casns ss pusseves as sa vadeyaieesucave cate snes 11 08 1:05 3 PYABUS <x osssesiecrecniescinumencseavordcncs seem 0°45 0°35 0:38 nose-leat: . 2232 <0.+2eseinssvcsses Scene 0-6 05 0-7 Breadth of ditto (of horizontal portion) ......... 0-4 03 0°35 Length; forearm’ vc csccespesdeessceeevvesncostvestedess 3-2 2:3 2:55 Z CHUN icc scen ste caievescarapesvcasee ai caeeeas 0°63 05 05 ss third finger, metacarpal ...............08. 2°85 21 2:15 ie = tst-phalanx: «i. .ssicssessssere 0:8 0°55 0°65 re a QM a5 Sgbaucnaenieate eee 14 10 115 8 33 OPO. aie 3 secankectwadecouee 10, 0-7 08 3 fourth finger, metacarpal ...............44- 2-7 2-0 2:15 7 ‘ Ist phalanx............... 0°65 0-4 0°55 rs Dndi 55. Sereddetaandeuses 10 0°75 0-8 af fifth finger, metacarpal .........c.csec00 oo 2°7 2:0 2°2 Ag > Ist phalan® .sscscissesesneess 0-6 0°35 0:5 A x 06 0:5 0°55 - tRDIAl sc soveccacwesnacaesscauesessoacoueciaesusnn’ lt] 09 10 4 ealeaneum ... .| 1-0 0-4 0-8 ue LOOb c5) hacsaicwanestec sy. savaenavewe ioe dente 075 05 06 12. TYLOSTOMA.
Tylostoma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 48 (1855).
Muzzle shorter than in Phyllostoma; horizontal portion of the nose-leaf well developed, free in front and on the sides, vertical part very long, lanceolate; ears large, separate; lower lip with a Vshaped space in front, margined by warts; wings as in Phyllostoma ; wing-membrane extending almost to the base of the toes; interfemoral very lenge, eatenuine beyond the feet. 22 a2 Dentition. Inc. § 5 C. = = pm. 55, Ml. s— The first upper premolar small, with a straight cusp. Range. Brazilian Subregion.
This genus resembles Phyllostoma in the relative proportion of the bones of the fingers and in the number of the back teeth; but the muzzle in both the known species is comparatively much shorter, the teeth are differently shaped and more crowded in the jaws, the general structure of the nasal appendages is different, and there is no glandular gular sac in either of the sexes.
In the form and arrangement of the chin-warts, and in the number of the lower incisors, 7'ylostoma appears to occupy a position with regard to Phyllostoma similar to that of Lophostoma te Vampyrus.
12. tTyLostoma. 489 Synopsis of the Species.
a, Lancet-shaped nose-leaf notched along the sides; calcaneum shorter than the tibia .. 1. 7. crenulatum, p. 489. b. Lancet-shaped nose-leaf with an entire margin; calcaneum longer than the tibia .... 2. J. longifolium, p. 490. 1. Tylostoma crenulatum.
Ene crenulatum, Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus, xv. p. 183, pl. x. Tene crenulatum, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 49, pl. vill. fig. 9 (1855).
Crown of the head moderately elevated above the face-line ; muzzle shortly cylindrical, obtuse in front, the distance from the eye to the end of the muzzle is slightly less than the width of the space between the eyes; ears longer than the head, separate ; ear-conch oval, with a short rounded-off tip, lower half of the inner margin strongly convex, then slightly concave, and again convex above; outer margin straight or faintly convex, slightly notched opposite the base of the tragus, beyond which it terminates in a convex lobe; tragus very narrow in upper third and acutely pointed, inner margin slightly convex, outer with two narrow and very prominent projections below ; nose-leaf large, equal to three fourths the ear in length; nostrils opening by oblique slits in the centre of the horseshoe-shaped membrane, which has a thin free margin anteriorly and laterally, and is bent up on either side opposite the nasal apertures ; erect posterior leaf lanceolate, broadest at the base, with a narrow rounded longitudinal central ridge extending from between the nostrils to the extremity of the leaf, and, laterally, at its junction with the horizontal leaf on either side, with a rounded lobule, succeeded by a notch, above which the margin of the lancet is finely crenulate and fringed with straight hairs; lower lip and chin with a naked V-shaped space in front, margined on the sides by transverse warts (Plate XXV. fig. 5).
Sa short, not so long as the foot, which also is small; first phalanx of the middle finger about one third the metacarpal bone ; tibia long and slender; calcaneum slender, nearly as long as the tibia; interfemoral membrane large, extending, when expanded, beyond the feet, its free margin between the extremities of the long calcanea straight; tail extending almost to the middle of the membrane, slightly beyond a line drawn between the knees, and appearing by its extreme tip upon its upper surface. Wing-membrane extending almost to the base of the toes.
Fur dark brown above, somewhat paler beneath, scarcely extending upon the membranes. : ; Bees : ; Upper middle incisors unicuspidate, conical, inclined slightly inwards; outer incisors very small, also conical ; first upper premolar with a vertically directed cusp, small, about the size of one of the outer upper incisors ; second premolar nearly equal to the canine in cross section at the base, but about half its size in vertical extent; molars
490 PHYLLOSTOMIDZ.
with well-developed W-shaped cusps, the last molar half the anteroposterior diameter of the antepenultimate molar; the two lower incisors small, with broad straight cutting-edges ; first lower premolar equal to or exceeding the second in cross section at the base, but less than it in vertical extent. Premolars and molars in both jaws very close together, their vertical extent in relation to their anteroposterior diameter at the base much greater than in Phyllostoma hastatum.
(For measurements see p. 491.)
Hab. Suriman; Brazil.
This species is easily distinguished from all other known species of Phyllostomide by the peculiar toothed and crenulated condition of the margins of the erect nose-leaf.
In the mouth and throat of a specimen preserved in alcohol, in the Collection, I found portions of some small Coleopterous insects. a, & Pad, al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C.}.
2. Tylostoma longifolium.
Phyllostoma longifolium, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 365; Abhandl. Miinch. Akad. v. p. 168, pl. ii. fig. 8. Tylostoma longifolium, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1866, p. 398. Ears large, as in T. crenulatwm, more rounded off above; nose-leaf similar in size, but the margin of the lancet-shaped portion is entire from the tip downwards as far as a small emargination immediately above its base, beneath which a tooth-like process occurs, on the posterior side of which the posterior margin of the horseshoe-shaped membrane is fastened; the central longitudinal ridge of the lancet is much developed; on either side at its base, at the inner margins of the nasal apertures, valve-like covering processes occur; horseshoe-shaped membrane as in 7’. crenulatum; lower lip with a large wart in the centre of a V-shaped double row of small transverse warts.
Wing-membrane from the metatarsus; calcaneum slightly longer than the tibia.
The hair of the body extends sparingly for a short distance only on the membranes, the proximal half of the humerus is clothed; the forearm, femur, and tibia are naked. Above, dark brown, with a pale-coloured spinal line; beneath, dirty yellow, the under surface of the jaws and sides of the neck bright reddish yellow. Hab. Brazil (Mato Grosso).
The above description is taken from Dr. Peters’s notes on the single type specimen preserved in the Vienna Museum, which I have not yet seen.
The following are the measurements of this species and of T. crenulatum :—
13. Mion. 491 T. crenu- | T. longilatum. folium.
Length, head and body 21 Sus 5S LY Reese etm cae 0-9 10 - WGA su. sess bieacsts nsec sauebieeraeetedasiorcecsvseie: 0:85 0-9 C31 agp es ce etniit hte aia ee ohn fen sa ameer i tae 1:0 0-9 4 AGUS 22 cesteiesedesecsiadawarieds teas sonecdscece ast 0-4 0°35 “ TOSe=lOAL esis ac ercs ve cccp an tadsaeesend sxceonine 0:65 0°65 Breadth of ditto (horseshoe) ............ccceeceeeeeeeee ees 0:3 0:26 Dongth; fOreaArm™ ic .cscrveccucssserciecssscssanoacnscds eve sates 19 19 Ni POUND ie vachsecacataeteusacdecesk eiae oe cena ee 0°35 04 . third finger, metacarpal ............ceeeeeeeeee 1:65 1:7 “ A Tet phalanx: -.ccatacseasceccsoaascee 0°5 055 c 5 QNd AG picateacet tacsecsee eee 0°85 10 5 OEY igs. aveseheseac worsens snus 0°65 0-7 5 fourth finger, metacarpal ......0......e eee 1:55 1:7 ‘5 “5 Ist phalanx... 0-4 0:45 . a 2nd SC. aie 0°45 0-7 +f fifth finger, metacarpal....... 16 18 PA a lst phalank aGSaGGs sesassenss: 0-4 0-4 io . 2005 sk eee eo eaceees cen 0°45 05 ss tibiae ccsdecicvesPaavscncenevinesbonsactaseesseseseaeens 08 10 5 Gal CANCUIA) {isi cecssaoden tecseigekacsesceossescis 0-7 11 _ LOOb: fii secsenubossecies sd coupon cduvubadersangeenatwaten: 0-4 0:45 In the type specimen of 7. crenulutum, preserved in the Paris Museum, the forearm is 2” and the tibia 0':85, and the measurements of other parts slightly greater than those given above. 13. MIMON.
Mimon, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1847, p.14; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 406 (1847).
Muzzle as in Phyllostoma ; nasal appendages largely developed posteriorly, narrow in front; ears separate; chin with a broad naked space divided by a longitudinal groove; first phalanx of the middle finger nearly half the length of the metacarpal bone ; wings from the ankles; tail distinct, terminating in the basal half of the large interfemoral membrane.
Dentition. Ine. > c. — pm. i m. = This genus is evidently closely allied to Phyllostoma, from which it is mainly distinguished by the very different form of the chinwarts.
1. Mimon bennettii.
Phyllostoma bennettii, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. E 488 (1838). Mimon bennettii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p.14; Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 406 (1847); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1866, p. 674, __ Vampirus auricularis, Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. xii. p. 487 (1860), Ears large; general outline of the ear-conch triangular, the outer * See remarks on the number of premolars in M. hennettti, p. 492.
492 PHYLLOSTOMID..
and inner margins decreasingly convex upwards, very narrowly rounded off above; tragus as in Phyllostoma hastatum, but longer and more attenuated above; horizontal nose-leaf very similar to that of Macrophyllum neuwiedit, rather narrow and square in front and bound down to the upper lip, the vertical leaf as broad as it in the centre, quite equal in length to double its width, lanceolate, attenuated in upper third, with a central ridge forming the narrow terminal projection above; chin with a transverse naked space in front, divided in the centre by a narrow groove (Plate XXYV. fig. 6). Wings from the ankles or tarsus; calcaneum as long or slightly longer than the tibia; interfemoral membrane very deep, extending, when fully stretched, behind the feet ; tail short, as in Phyllostoma hastatum.
Fur above cinnamon -brown, paler beneath; on both surfaces long and dense, covering the humerus, but scarcely extending to the membranes.
Central upper incisors moderately long, unicuspidate, chisel-shaped, directed vertically downwards ; outer incisors very short, scarcely raised above the gum; lower incisors small, grooved in front and above ; upper premolars as in Phyllostoma, lower equal in cross section at base, but the first is shorter and more obtuse. Length, head and body about 2’:6, tail 15, ear 1'"1, tragus 0’°4, thumb 0:45 ; third finger—metacarp. 1''*7, 1st ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 1”, 3rd ph. 0"°7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'°65, 1st ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0”-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°8, lst ph. 0'°6, 2nd ph. 0'°65 ; tibia 0'°75, calcaneum 0:8, foot 0’°65.
Hab. Mexico; South America.
This species is founded on a single specimen, a skin in bad condition, of which the greater part of the skull has been removed, and the lower jaw is broken across in the middle, so that it is doubtful whether a minute second premolar does not exist. a. ad. sk. (type). South America.
14. CAROLLIA.
Carollia, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 488 (1838); Voyage of the ‘ Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 17 (1844); Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1865, p. 519.
Hemiderma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 43 (1855).
Muzzle narrow, conical; crown of the head slightly elevated ; nose-leaf as in Schizostoma, its anterior margin close to the upper lip; ears moderate; chin with a large wart in the centre of a V-shaped groove margined by warts; first phalanx of the middle finger nearly half the length of the metacarpal bone ; interfemoral membrane well developed ; tail short, in the base of the membrane as in Phyllostoma ; feet free.
Be ii 2 a Dentition. Inc. 4, ¢. =, pm. Se ae w I=) 2-2 3-3" Molars narrow ; the angles of the W-formed cusps very obtuse,