6. sACCOPTERYX. 373 Fur, above, dark brown, with two longitudinal streaks of white along the centre of the back ; beneath, brown, the extreme tips ashy. Distribution as in the preceding species.
The teeth are quite similar to those of S. leptura. Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2", tail 0'"8, ear 0! 7, tragus 0'-2, forearm 1’-85, thumb 0-33; third finger—metacarp. 1"-7, 1st ph. 0'-6, 2nd ph. 0-95; fifth finger 2’"1, tibia 0'"-9, foot 0"-4.
Hab. Surinam.
It appears to me very doubtful whether this can be considered a species distinct from S. leptura. It is more probably a large variety of that species with more distinct white lines along the back, for even in typical examples of S, leptura two faint white lines can be occasionally traced. I am, however, unable to settle this question owing to insufficiency of material to work upon, and therefore prefer for the present to recognise two species in accordance with the views of other zoologists, and especially in deference to those of Prof. Peters, who has worked out this group with great care. a. 2 ad. sk. Forest, Santa Lucia, Pacific O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. coast of Guatemala.
b. 9 ad. sks. Vera Paz, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. e-g. dimm. & ad. sks. Bogota. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.). A. Q, Pad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
3. Saccopteryx canina.
Vespertilio caninus, Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. Ba. ii. p. 262 1826). ; hab eae eanina, Temminck, Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Naturgesch. p. 29 (1839): Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 298 (1841) ; Wagner, Abhandl. Munch. Akad. v. p. 151, pl. iii. figs. 5 (head), 6 & 7 (wingsac); Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, Sdiugeth. R 63 (1854), Emballonura macrotis, Wagner, Wregm. Archiv, 1843, p.367 ; Abhandl. Minch. Akad. v. p. 189, pl. iti. figs. 8-10 (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 472). :
aes nee Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 66, pl. xv. fig. 2 (teeth) (1855).
Peropteryx canina, Peter's, i.e. p. 472.
Head and muzzle as in S. leptura, except that the nose is not so prominent above the face, although the extremity of the muzzle projects to a greater extent beyond the lower lip. Ears as long as the head, much broader than in S. leptura; the inner margin of the earconch arises abruptly from the face above the anterior angle of the eye, from which it is separated by a prominent wart, straight or slightly concave in its lower third, then convex, succeeded _by a slight concavity, becoming again convex towards the tip, which is rounded off; outer margin straight or slightly convex from the tip to a point opposite the base of the inner margin of the tragus, where a well-marked emargination occurs, then forming a large slightly lobe, which terminates abruptly midway between the base Bares Cane and the angle of the mouth, but on a lower level: tragus
374 EMBALLONURID&.
as in S. leptwra, except that there is no triangular lobe above the base of the outer margin, and the extremity is narrower above. Antebrachial pouch in the centre of the anterior half of the upper surface of the membrane; aperture directed outwards, commencing at the anterior free margin and extending backwards towards the elbow-joint as far as the centre of the membrane; the sac much smaller than in VS. leptura, scarcely projecting on the inferior surface of the membrane, and its cavity is not marked with such deep plications of the lining membrane; in the female the position of the mouth is alone marked by a slight reduplication of the membrane. Wings from the ankles; calcaneum and interfemoral membrane as in S. leptura; the last caudal vertebra projecting on the upper surface of the membrane.
Fur dark brown above, paler beneath, not extending upon the membranes so far or so densely as in S. leptura. Length, head and body 2”, tail 0'-6, head 0'*7, ear 0":7, tragus 0-2, forearm 1:8, thumb 0:3; third finger—metacarp. 1'°55, Ist ph. 0°55, 2nd ph. 0-95; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-3, Ist ph. 0:35, 2nd ph. 0-35; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-2, Ist ph. 0'°45, 2nd ph. 0':25; tibia 0-75, foot 0'-35. ; Hab. Central America (Guatemala, Coban); Venezuela; British Guiana; Brazil (Atacamis), a,b. 2 ad., al. Coban, Central America, O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. ce. 9 ad. sk, Atacamis, Capt. Kellett and Comm. Wood [P.].
d-e. 2 ad., al. Haslar Hospital Coll.
f. skeleton. Haslar Hospital Coll.
Var. a. (Saccopteryx kapplert.)
Peropteryx kappleri, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 473. I have examined the type of Peropteryx kappleri, Ptrs., which is preserved in the Berlin Museum, and can find no difference, except in size, between it and S. canina.
As the differences in size consist in the greater length of the extremities (see below), it appears to me to be either an old individual (as Dr. Peters suspects) or a local variety.
Length, head and body 2'-1, tail 0'6, ear 0'"7, tragus 0''2, forearm 2", thumb 0''3; third finger—metacarp. 1°75, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger 2'"1, tibia 0'"8, foot 0'4. Hab, Surinam, 4. Saccopteryx leucoptera.
Peropteryx leucoptera, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 474. Peropteryx (Peronymus) leucoptera*, Peters, 1. c. 1868, p. 145. Ears united across the face by a low band about one tenth of an inch high in the centre ; inner margin of the ear-conch straight, * Made the type of a new subgenus, Peronymus, by Peters, on account of the united condition of the ears, and the position of attachment of the wings to thefeet.
6. SACCOPTERYX. 375 outer margin convex above, concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a large slightly convex lobe, as in S. canina ; tragus with straight sides and broadly rounded-off extremity, the outer and upper margins irregularly toothed. Muzzle and nostrils as in the preceding species.
Wing-sac as in S. canina; wings from the tarsus or metatarsus ; free margin of the interfemoral membrane straight behind between the extremities of the calcanea.
Fur dark brown above, slightly paler beneath ; wing-membrano, between the body and a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, white, translucent, with small black dots corresponding to the position of hairs, the remaining parts of the integuments dark brown. On the upper surface the wing-membrane is thinly covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, and the interfemoral as far as the point of exit of the tail; beneath, as far as a line drawn from the proximal third of the humerus to the junction of the thigh with the body ; the under surface of interfemoral clothed with short fine hairs.
Dentition as in the preceding species.
Length, head and body 2”, tail 0'"5, ear 0'"65, tragus 0'"2, forearm 1"*7, thumb 0'"3, third finger—metacarp. 1-5, 1st ph. 0°45, 2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger 1:8, tibia 0'-6, foot 0-35. Hab. Surinam.
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
The following genus has been founded on the Emballonura brevirostris of Wagner, the type of which consists of a single badly-preserved female specimen in the Vienna Museum, from which it is impossible to determine whether a wing-sac exists or not.
CORMURA.
Cormura, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1867, p. 475.
CorMURA BREVIROSTRIS.
Emballonura brevirostris, Wagner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, p. 867; Abhandl. Miinch, Akad. v. p. 187; Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 696 (1855). Cormura brevirostris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 475, pl. figs. 1, 18. Fars much shorter than the head ; ear-conch triangular, with broadly roundedoff vertical angle ; inner margin faintly convex; outer margin straight, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a convex lobe midway between the tragus and the angle of the mouth: tragus erect, maintaining almost the same breadth from the base of the inner margin to the tip, which 1s abruptly truncated; outer margin with a small lobe near the base. Wings from the metatarsus ; caleaneum shorter than the tibia. Above reddish brown, with paler extremities, beneath similar, but paler ; the hair at the base of the ears and on the middle of the occiput whitish, and that of the shoulders near the spine pure white at the base. — : The skull is much shorter in the facial portion than in any of the preceding species, the frontal bones are less flattened, and the crown of the head more elevated. The teeth are also larger, and in consequence of this, and of the shortness of the facial portion of the skull, the small first upper premolar almost fills up the space between the ore cp = second premolar; upper incisors lower incisors trilobate.
tiaras oa penenct 1'"9, tail 0'"3, ear 0'"37, forearm 1'"8, thumb 0-23; third finger—metacarp. 1/55, Ist ph. 0'"'55, 2nd ph. 0'"9; fifth finger 2",
376 EMBALLONURID-Y.
5. Saccopteryx plicata.
Balantiopteryx plicata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 476. Nostrils more like those of Taphozous than the preceding species ; apertures directed slightly outwards, no furrow or groove between them above. Inner margin of the ear-conch straight, tip shortly rounded off ; outer margin straight or slightly convex, scarcely concave opposite the base of the tragus, terminating on a level with the angle of the mouth directly below the posterior margin of the eye: tragus straight, outer margin slightly convex, with a projecting tooth near its base; inner margin straight, tip narrowly rounded off or obtusely pointed.
Wing-sac in the centre of the antebrachial membrane, opening directed inwards and upwards; quite rudimentary in females. Wings from the ankles; interfemoral membrane concave between the extremities of the calcanea.
Fur dark brown above, paler beneath ; volar membranes dark brown, the wing-membrane margined with a narrow white line extending from the ankles to the extremity of the fourth finger. Above, the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of the femur, and fine short hairs clothe the upper surface of the interfemoral as far as the end of the tail, and on the inferior surface are arranged along the transverse lines with which it is marked. Teeth as in S. canina.
Length (of the type specimen, an adult ¢), head and body 1'8, tail 0'°7, ear 0''-55, tragus 0:2, forearm 1"'-7, thumb 0'°28; third finger—metacarp. 1’'-4, Ist ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0"-65; fifth finger 1'"7, tibia 0'°7, foot 0'°35.
Hab. Costa Rica (Puntarenas).
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
6. Saccopteryx calcarata.
Vespertilio calcaratus, Wied, Schinz, Thierreich,i.p. 180 (1821); Wied, Beitr. zur Naturgesch. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 269 (1826). Centronycteris calcarata, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 499 (1838) (not Voy. of the ‘ Sulphur’); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 478, 1872, p. 702.
Ears somewhat longer than the head, narrowed above; outer margin of the ear-conch with two emarginations, a larger one in tibia 0''6, foot 0''3, skull 0'-6, tooth-row 0'"25, distance between the upper canines0''-12.
Hab. Brazil.
The above description is taken from Dr. Peters’s notes on the type of this species, which is preserved in the Vienna Museum. The type consists of a single badly-preserved female specimen, so that it is quite uncertain whether a wing sac exists in the male or uot. As this species, however, agrees in most respects with the species of the genus Saccopteryx, I prefer to consider it a member of that genus.
6. SACCOPTERYX. 377 the upper half, and a smaller above the slightly developed antitragus. Tragus with two slight emarginations on its outer side, and abruptly truncated above, about double as high as broad, maintaining almost the same width upwards. Nasal apertures obliquely oval, directed forwards, opening close to the margin of the upper lip, separated one from the other by a space equal to the width of one nostril; upper lip with a central small wart-like prominence lying directly beneath the space between the nostrils ; muzzle rather broad and gradually flattened ; lower lip with a raised naked space in front divided by a vertical groove.
Wings from the base of the toes ; antebrachial membrane with a small flattened elevation (in the female) on the side near the shoulder.
Fur reddish brown above, paler beneath, the hairs dark brown at the base ; volar membranes dark brown.
Above, the wing-membrane is clothed as far outwards as a line drawn from the proximal third of the humerus to the same part of the femur; the interfemoral membrane is covered as far as the end of the tail, beneath more thinly; but almost the whole surface is covered with short stiff hairs arranged along the transverse lines. Premaxillary bones very small; frontal bones flattened, with a central longitudinal groove: auditory bulle ossee large, approximated.
Dental formula as in Saccopterye.
Length, head and body 2''2, tail 0"-8, head 0"-75, ear 8", tragus 0-23, forearm 1°75, thumb 0-26; third finger—metacarp. 2", lst ph. 0-85, 2nd ph. 1-3; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'-65, 1st ph. 0''-42, 2nd ph. 0'-44; fifth finger—metacarp. 15, 1st ph. 0"44, Qnd ph. 0'"3 ; tibia 0'"7, caleaneum 0'-65, foot 03. Hab. Brazil (Rio do Espirito Santo); Peru.
The above is taken from Dr. Peters’s description of a female specimen of this species from Peru, which he had compared with the type of Vespertilio calcaratus, Wied*, also a female specimen and in bad condition. These are the only specimens of this species as yet obtained, and it is therefore impossible to say to what extent a wing-sac exists in the male; but the flattened elevation on the inner side of the antebrachial membrane in the female (described above) is evidently the rudiment of the wing-sac, which I believe will be found in the male.
Dr. Peters, considering this species the type of a distinct genus, remarks, that in the form of the ears and tragus, and in the general structure of the skull, it approaches the section of which Saccopteryx leptura is typical, whilst in the much broader mesopterygoid fossa, and the weaker zygomatic arches, it is more closely related to Peronymus [Saccopteryx (Peropterya) leucoptera] and to Lhynchonycteris.
y (Voyage of the ‘Sulphur 1844, p. 69),= teris calcarata, Gra ; , ; La ai ie as the specimen in the collection hows (vide Emballonura semicaudata, Wied, antea, p. 361).
378 EMBALLONURIDE.
7. TAPHOZOUS.
Taphozous, Geoffroy, Descript. de l Egypte, ii. p. 126 (1812) ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 277 (excl. peer lepturus, Geoffr. et Temm. ), 1835-41 ; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 546; td. Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 166 (1876).
Muzzle very conical, broad behind, very narrow in front, terminated by the slightly projecting inner margins of the valvular nostrils. Crown of the head very slightly raised above the faceline ; a deep frontal excavation between the eyes; ears separate, the inner margin of the conch arising by a short band from the side of the frontal concavity, the outer margin of the conch commencing in a small lobe close to the angle of the mouth, but on a lower level; tragus short, narrowest opposite the base of its inner margin, expanded above; lower lip as long or slightly longer than the upper lip, terminating in front in two small triangular naked spaces separated by a more or less deep groove; eyes rather large, a distinct horizontal groove on the face beneath; thumb with a small but very acute claw; first phalanx of middle finger folded (in repose) on dorsum of metacarpal bone; foot long and slender, the outer toe as long as the middle toe, the inner toe shortest; tail perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing on its upper surface, capable of being Bareilly withdrawn.
Dentition. Inc. He = im pm. =. m. — Premaxillaries cartilaginous, supporting a pair of small weak incisors, often absent in aeiait saatens ; canines rather close together, much curyed forwards, separated from the second premolar by a wide space, in which the first minute premolar scarcely appears above the level of the gum; second upper premolar exceeding the molars in vertical extent ; last molar consisting of a narrow transverse bony lamina; mesopterygoid fossa very narrow, the pterygoid plates terminating in long hamular processes ; immediately behind, the basisphenoid is deeply excavated on either side of a narrow longitudinal bony ridge which connects the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa with the basioccipital, the excavations forming corresponding elevations on the floor of the brain-case ; postorbital processes very long, connected ‘by ligament with the zygoma, and thus completely circumscribing the orbit.
Most of the species of this genus have a peculiar glandular sac placed between the angles of the lower jaw—a sexual character ; for, while always more developed in males than in females, in some species while distinct in the male it is quite absent in the female. The width of the opening of the sac is nearly equal to half the distance between the angles of the jaw; and the direction of the opening is anterior. This open gular sac is quite absent in both sexes in J’. melanopogon, but about its usual position the openings of small pores may be seen, the secretion exuding from which probably causes the hairs in this situation to grow very long, forming the black beard found in many male specimens of this species.
7. TAPHOZOUS. 379 In the greater number of species, also, a small band of integument passes from the inferior surface of the forearm near its distal extremity to the proximal extremity of the fifth metacarpal bone, forming with the wing-membrane a small pouch—the radio-metacarpal pouch.
Range. Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions. One species extends into Egypt and Palestine, and none have as yet been found eastward of New Guinea or Australia. Synopsis of Subgenera and Species. I, Radio-metacarpal pouch distinct ; lower lip scarcely grooved ......-. eee eee ees Subg. TapHozovus. a. Radio-metacarpal pouch well developed. a', No gular sac in male or female, a". Fur of the back extending upon part of the wing- and interfemoral membranes; extremity of tail thickened; forearm 2'"5........ 1, T. melanopogon, p. 380. bd". Fur of the back very narrow across , loins, not extending upon the membranes ; extremity of tail not thickened; forearms" ........ 2. T. theobaldi, p. 381. b’. Gular sac present in males, rudimentary or absent in females.
ce’. Gular sac quite absent in females, throat hairy beneath.
a". Ears as long or longer than the head; forearm 27 ........-. 3. T. australis, p. 882. o’”. Ears shorter than the head ; forearm 2'"4... 6. cece ee eee 4, T. perforatus, p. 383. d". Gular sac rudimentary in females, throat naked beneath.
-". Fur brown above and beneath ; forearm 2°45 wo... cee eee ees 5. T. longimanus, p. 384. d'". Fur brown above and beneath: neck; chest and abdomen pure white; forearm 24 ........ 6. T. mauritianus, p. 386. b. Radio-metacarpal pouch small; fur very short, not extending to membranes; forearm 295 .. cee cece eee eee eens 7. T. nudiventris, p. 387. II. No radio-metacarpal pouch ; lower lip divided in the centre of its upper surface and in front by a deep narrow groove .. Subg. TapHonyciERIs. a. Ears broadly rounded off above; inner margin smooth, slightly convex above ; forearm three inches or less.
a'. Gular sac developed (but smaller) in female also; fur dark brown above and beneath ..... +--+ seer r eres 8. T. saccolemus, p. 388. b’. Gular sac rudimentary in female, the margins alone developed ; fur brown above, pure white beneath ........ 9. T. affinis, p. 389. b. Ears triangular, narrowly rounded off above ; inner margin papillate ; forearm three and a half inches at least...... 10. T. pelt, p. 390.
380 EMBALLONURIDZ.
I. Radio-metacarpal pouch distinct ; lower lip scarcely grooved. Subgenus 1. TarpHozovs.
1. Taphozous melanopogon.
Taphozous melanopogon, Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 287 (1835- 41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 687; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 180; Dobson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Aug. 1872, p. 153; P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 549, fig. 2; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 167 (1876).
Taphozous bicolor, Temm. J. ec. p. 290.
Taphozous philippinensis, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 9. No gular pouch ; the openings of small pores appearing beneath the fur covering the inferior surface of the lower jaw between its angles: in some male specimens the hair in this situation is very long, forming a dense black beard*. Radio-metacarpal pouch large. Wings from the tibiee above the ankles.
The fur of the head extends upon the face as far as a line joining the inner corners of the eyes; the inner side of the ear-conch is covered with a few hairs ; posteriorly the ears are clothed at their bases, naked above except where a row of fine hairs fringe the outer margin.
On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wingmembrane about one third the length of the humerus and femur, the remainder of the wing- and antebrachial membranes are quite naked ; posteriorly the interfemoral is covered thinly almost as far as the point where the tail perforates it; inferiorly, the fur of the body extends outwards upon the wing-membrane as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus and femur; beyond this, as in other species, a band of very short fine hair extends along the posterior margin of the forearm to the carpus; the feet are naked, except where a few hairs arise at the base of the claws on the backs of the terminal phalanges of the toes.
Above, the fur is white at the base, then dark brown, the extreme tips slightly greyish ; beneath, white at the base, then paler brown than on the upper surface, the extreme tips greyish. In some specimens the white at the base of the hairs beneath is not well marked.
The black beard is not always developed in the males; its development seems to depend on certain conditions as yet not known ; probably it appears periodically during the rutting-season. In five male specimens in the Indian Museum this beard is well developed, while out of over one hundred specimens received by M. Milne- Edwards from Cochin China, examined by me in the Paris Museum, two only possessed the beard.
The females of this species (in which neither the black beard nor pore-openings are developed) resemble those of 7’. longimanus ; they are readily distinguished, however, by the absence of the rudimentary gular sac, and by the under surface of the lower jaw being * Sce figure in P. Z. S. referred to above.