4. PHYLLORUINA. 141 ae Ist. ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0:8, caleaneum 0'°4, foot at 8.
A specimen in the collection from Dar-es-Salam is considerably larger than most examples of this species, having the forearm 2", the metacarpal bone of the third finger 1-45, and the tibia 0'-85 ; the ears and nose-leaf appear smaller, and the former are more covered with hair.
Hab. Atrica (Abyssinia, Zanzibar, Cape Delgade, Tete, Port Natal, Damara country, Benguela, Angola, Gaboon, Cameroon Mountains). Probably generally distributed throughout the tropical regions of that continent.
a, ad. sk. Cameroon Mountains. Mrs. Burton [P.]. b. ad. Q, al. Elloby District, Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. [P.]. ec} ad. @, al. Gaboon. H. Ansell, Esq. iP d, ad. 3, al. Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
e-g. imm. 6, al. Angola, Dr. J. E. Gray [P.}.
A-l. ad. S$ & 9,al. Angola. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. m, ad. ¢, al. Angola. Mr. Rich (C.].
n. ad. sk. West Africa.
o. ad. 2, al. South Africa. Stockholm Museum.
p. ad. sk. Port Natal. Stockholm Museum.
g. ad. d, al. Zanzibar. Purchased.
r-v. ad. 6 & Q,al. East Africa. Dr. Kirk (C.}.
w, x. ad. Q, al. East Africa. Dr. Livingstone [C.]. y. ad. 6 skin inal. Dar-es-Salam. Purchased.
z. ad. ¢, al. Zool. Soc. Coll.
a'. skull. Zool. Soc. Coll.
b'. skull. East Africa. Dr. Kirk (C.].
13. PhyNorhina galerita.
Hipposideros galeritus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1846, p. 183. Phyllorhina labuanensis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 5388; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 321.
Phyllorhina longicauda, Peters, 1. c. 1861, p. 708; 1871, p. 321. Phyllorhina brachyota, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 237. Phyllorhina galerita, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 69 (1876). Ears very similar in shape and in size to those of Ph. caffra, with which this species also agrees closely in general measurements. It is, however, at once distinguished by the very different development of the nose-leaf, which is much larger, and resembles that of the well-known species Ph. speoris.
The horseshoe-shaped portion of the nose-leaf is well developed, and extends as far forwards in front of the nasal apertures as the upper extremity of the muzzle; it is nearly as wide in front as behind the nasal apertures, and its anterior free margin is undivided ; on either side two secondary leaflets as in Ph. caffra; sella large, but exceeded in width by the transverse erect leaf behind, which is also well developed, the sides nearly as high as the centre, so that its upper margin is almost straight; its concave front surface is divided by three very well-defined vertical ridges into four cells. Frontal glandular sac distinct but small, not larger than in the preceding species : in the female very indistinctly marked. Thumb
142 RHINOLOPHIDA.
and foot small, as in Ph. caffra; wings from the metatarsi*; interfemoral membrane large, triangular behind; extremity of the tail projecting slightly.
Fur, above, light brown at base, the terminal third of the hairs dark reddish brown, the extreme tips paler; beneath similar but somewhat paler. The fur on the shoulders and along the spine darker. Ears and wing- and interfemoral membranes very dark brown. Specimens in colourless alcohol appear very dark brown throughout. A specimen from Sarawak has the fur bright ferruginous.
The inner side of the ear-conch along the inner margin is thickly covered with hair, and the back of the ear, except a small portion below the tip and along the upper half of the outer margin, is covered. :
The second upper premolar is separated from the canine by a wide interval than usual in this genus; in the midst of this space, but rather to the outside, the small, scarcely distinguishable first premolar is placed.
Length, head and body 2", tail 14, ear 0'"55 x 0°55, forearm 1'-75, thumb 0:25; third finger—metacarp. 1'°35, 1st ph. 0'"55, 2nd ph. 0-8; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'"15, 1st ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph. 0'"5 ; tibia 0'-72, caleaneum 0'°3, foot 0'°3.
Hab, Peninsula of India (Deccan) ; Pinang; Java; Labuan. This species appears to vary in the size of the nose-leaf, in the length of the tail, and in the place of origin of the wing-membrane from the hinder extremities. Thus, although not differing in structure, the nasal membranes in the type specimen from Pinang appear much larger than in specimens from other localities (which agree with it almost exactly in general measurements), and the type of Ph. longicauda, Ptrs., from Java has the tail considerably longer. Intermediate forms, however, occur, such as those described as Ph. labuanensis, Tomes, from Labuan Island, and Ph. brachyota, Dobson, from Central India.
a. ad. sk. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b. ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C. ].
(Labelled “ Phyllorhina labuanensis” by Tomes.)
ce. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P. ].
d. 9 ad., al. Lingasugtr, Dekkan. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. 14. Phyllorhina cervina.
Rhinolophus cervinus, Gould, Mammals of Australia, iii, pl. xxxiv. (1858).
Phyllorhina cervina, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 321 (excl. syn.).
In general form and size very similar to Ph. galerita, but distinguished by the much smaller and narrower nose-leaf, by the larger * Tn the type specimen the wings appear to arise from the ankles ; but this may have been caused by shrinking of the membrane in the drying-process. The oint of attachment of the wing-membrane to the legs and feet varies so much in this genus that it cannot be depended upon in distinguishing species.
4. PHYLLOREINA, 143 frontal glandular sac, which equals in size that of Ph. speoris, and by the much greater length of the calcaneum.
Ears about the same size and very similar in general outline to those of Ph. caffra and Ph. galerita, but the small projection at the commencement of the lower third of the outer margin of the earconch is as acutely pointed as in Ph. speoris, with which this species also agrees in the large size and structure of the frontal sac; the horseshoe-shaped part of the nose-leaf is much narrowed in front of the nasal apertures, in Ph. galerita it is almost as broad in front as behind; in other respects the nasal appendages agree in these species, and there are also two secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe (Plate IX, fig. 7).
Thumbs and feet as in Ph. galerite; wing-membrane extending to the tarsus ; interfemoral membrane moderate, triangular behind ; last caudal vertebra long and half free.
Fur reddish brown, darker above, paler beneath; the extremities of the hairs on the back darker than their bases. Length, head and body 2", tail 1-1, head 0-7, ear 0-55, forearm 1°75, thumb 0:25; third finger—metacarp. 1-25, 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0"-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-05, 1st ph. 0:45, 2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0°65, caleaneum 0°45, foot 0'°3.
The above measurements are taken from an apparently adult male from New Guinea. The type, a dried skin, from Albany Island, Cape York, is slightly larger.
Hab. Australia (Albany Island, Cape York); Aru Islands; Waigiou Island ; New Guinea.
This species agrees with the preceding species and with Ph. caffra in the shape of the ears and in the small size of the thumb and foot. While resembling Ph. caffra in the small development of the horseshoe-shaped portion of the nose-leaf, it corrésponds more closely with Ph. speoris in the large size and form of the frontal sac. a. 2 ad. sk. (type). Albany Island. Voy. of the ‘ Rattlesnake.’ bd. & ad. sk. in al. Cape York.
ce-g. 6 & @ ad, al. New Guinea. Mrs. Stanley [P.]. h. ad. sk. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. a, ad. sk. Waigiou Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 15. Phyllorhina speoris.
Vespertilio speoris, Schneider, Schreber, Sdugeth. pl. 59 B (1826). Rhinolophus dukbunensis, Sykes, Cat. Mamm. of Dukhun, 1831, p. 4. Hipposideros apiculatus et penicillatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. {8ss, ii. p. 492.
Rhinolophus speoris, Elliot, Madras Jowrn. Sei. x. p. 7 (1839). Hipposideros speoris, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1844, p. 489. Hipposideros speoris e¢ templetonii, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeylan. alte ePhyllorbina speoris, var. taitiensis, Zelebor, Novara Sdugeth. 1868, p.13 Phyllorhina speoris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 320; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 67, figs. a,b (nose-leaf) (1876).
144 RHINOLOPHIDZ.
Slightly larger than any of the four preceding species, and with longer and narrower ears, owing to the less convexity of their inner margins; upper third of the inner margin of the ear-conch slightly convex, almost straight, tip narrowly rounded-off or subacutely pointed, not projecting outwards ; upper third of the outer margin equally concave, lower two thirds convex, with a small but very distinct spine-like projection at the commencement of the lower third; horseshoe-shaped horizontal nose-leaf narrow, with three parallel leaflets on the muzzle on each side; transverse terminal leaf broader than the sella, upper margin regularly convex, front concave surface with three very distinct vertical ridges, whereof the centre one is longest; a large frontal sac in male, with a transverse aperture and swollen margins, in female much smaller (see figures in ‘Monograph Asiatic Chiroptera,’ referred to above). Wing-membrane from the tibia near the ankle; interfemoral short, square behind; the last osseous caudal vertebra and half the antepenultimate vertebra free.
Fur, above, brown, white at the base; beneath, similar but paler. The shade of brown varies considerably in different individuals.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 2-4, tail 0'85, tail free from membrane 0’°12, head 0'"85, ear 0":7 x 0'"5, forearm 2'°05, thumb 0'°3, third finger 2'"75, fifth finger 2':25, tibia 0-9, calcaneum 0'"5, foot 0'°38.
Hab. The Orieutal Region (Peninsula of India, Ceylon, Burma, Java, and probably the other islands of the Malay archipelago in the Indo-Malayan Subregion).
If this species be really an inhabitant of the island of Tahiti, as the name given by Zelebor implies, it has by far the widest geographical distribution of any species of the genus. a,b. ad. sks. India.
ec. @ ad., al. Lingasugtir, Dec- G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.}. can, India.
d-h. ad. sks. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.]. 7. f ad., al. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot | P, ]. J. Q ad., al. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot | P. }. k-qg. 3 & Q juv. & ad, al. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.}. r—u, ad. sks. Trincomalee. Dr. Kelaart [P.]. (Types of Hipposideros aureus, Kelaart.) v. ad. sk. India. Purchased.
w-a. 6 & 2 ad, al. India. Sir A. Smith [P.]. o',c¢. djuv.& 2 ad.,al. India. Purchased. d-f'. ad. sks. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.]. (Types of Hipposideros templetonii, Kelaart. ) g',h'. ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.]. vey’. 6 & QP ad. al. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming’s Coll. k'-m'. ad. sk. Java. E. I. House Coll.
n'-p'. 3 & 2 ad., al. Sir A. Smith [P.]. gy’.ad.sk.
r'. ad. sk, s'-u', skulls. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
4. PHYLLORHINA. 145 16. Phyllorhina larvata.
Rhinolophus larvatus, vulgaris, insignis e¢ deformis, Horsfeld, Zoolog. ain. in Java (1824). ; 2 : ae i reoene! vane insignis, Temminck, Monog. Mammal. ii. p. 74. Hipposideros insignis, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 492. Hipposideros vulgaris, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 488. Hipposideros larvatus, Blyth, Cat. Mammal. Mus. As. Soc. p. 26. ppeertine vulgaris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1866, p: ag, Phyllorhina larvata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 820; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 68, figs. a, b (nose-leaf) (1876). Ears conspicuously larger than in Ph. speoris, nearly as long as the head, but otherwise very similar in general form to those of that species ; the nose-leaf is also similar, but the upper margin of the transverse terminal leaf is less convex, and the front edge of the horseshoe is divided by a small notch; the frontal sac is well developed in adult males, as in Ph. speorts, but in adult females is comparatively much smaller, its place in dried skins being indicated only by a pencil of dark hairs (see figures referred to above in ‘ Monogr. Asiatic Chiroptera’). Some male specimens have the wart-like glandular eminences on each side of the transverse terminal leaf greatly developed, resembling closely the same parts in Ph. armigera, Hodgs. (Plate IX. fig. 8).
Wings from the ankle-joint, or from the tibia a little higher up; interfemoral membrane triangular behind; extreme tip of tail tree.
The colour of the fur is extremely variable, according to locality and season; and the species has received almost as many different names as the specimens obtained have presented different colours. Generally reddish brown, the base of the hairs paler. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3”, tail 1-5, head 1'-1, ear 0-95 x 0'"8, forearm 2'-45, thumb 0'°35, third finger 3'"4, fifth finger 2''-6, tibia 1”, caleaneum 0'-65, foot 0'-48. Hab. Eastern Bengal (Khasia Hills, Sylhet; Goalparah, Arracan) ; Burma (Penang, Prome, Tenasserim) ; Siam ; Java; Philippine Islands.
This species is closely allied to Ph. speoris; but is at once distinguished by its large ears, by the absence of the spine-like projection at the lower third of the outer margin of the conch, by the notch in the front margin of the nose-leaf, by the tail being almost wholly contained within the interfemoral membrane, which is triangular behind, and by its conspicuously larger size.
. ad. sk. India. E. I. Company.
B. 3 ad, al. Siam. Mr. Mouhot [C.].
e. fo ad., al. Purchased.
d. ad. sk. Java.
e. ad. sk. Manilla.
f. skeleton. Purchased.
The species in the following section are at once distinguished from all the preceding by the absence of secondary leaflets on the sides of L
146 RHINOLOPHID®.
the muzzle external to the horseshoe, and by the simple form of the horseshoe, which is generally longer than broad, and has a very distinct ridge passing backwards from the centre of its front surface between the nasal apertures; the ears are also well developed, and the inner margin of the ear-conch more evenly convex throughout from the base to the tip.
17. Phyllorhina obscura.
Phyllorhina obscura, Peters, ALB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p.709, and 1871, p. 826; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 73 (1876). Ears as long as the head, much longer than broad; inner margin of the ear-conch almost evenly convex from the base to the tip, which is short and subacutely pointed and inclined slightly outwards owing to the concavity which occupies the upper fourth of the outer margin, and commences rather abruptly beneath the tip; lower three fourths of the outer margin convex, at the commencement of the lower third a small well-defined projection, not so long or acutely pointed as in Ph. speoris. Nose-leaf well developed, the erect leaf large, wider than the sella, with a regularly convex upper margin and a concave front surface undivided by vertical ridges ; horseshoe slightly wider than long, with an unnotched free front margin; no secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe; in males a well-developed frontal sac, which is quite rudimentary in females. Wings from the metatarsi; calcaneum nearly as long as the foot ; tail projecting abruptly (as in PA. speoris) for more than one tenth of an inch beyond the free margin of the interfemoral membrane, which is straight behind between the extended calcanea. Fur dark brown above, the base of the hairs very pale brown, almost white, then dark brown succeeded by light brown, the extremities dark brown; beneath, paler brown throughout; integument and ears dark brown.
Length (of an adult 2 from Dinagut Island, Philippines), head and body 2”, tail 1”, free from membrane 0'°15, head 0:75, ear 0°75 x 0'"55, nose-leaf 0'°3 x 0:25, forearm 1'°8, thumb 0'°3; third finger—metacarp. 1’°3, 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0-7; fifth finger —metacarp. 1°25, 1st ph. 0'°5, 2nd ph. 0'-45; tibia 0'-75, calcaneum 0'°35, foot 0''4.
Hab. Philippine Islands (Mindanao, Dinagut Island). a-d. 6 & 9 imm. et ad., al. Dinagut Island, Surigao. | Purchased. 18. Phyllorhina dorie.
Phyllorhina dorie, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1861; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 73 (1876).
Ears slightly shorter than the head; inner and outer margins of the ear-conch equally convex in their upper thirds, so that the ear is evenly rounded off above without a distinct tip. Transverse erect
4. PHYLLORHINA. 147 portion of the nose-leaf thin, its slightly concave front surface undivided by vertical ridges; no secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe. Frontal sac small but distinct, close to the posterior margin of the base of the erect nose-leaf.
Wings from the metatarsi; interfemoral membrane straight behind ; the extremity of the tail projecting 0'°15. Fur reddish brown throughout.
Length, head and body 1'°8, tail 0'"8, head 0'6, ear 0'-52, noseleaf 0'"17 x 0""16, forearm 1'°3, thumb 0'°18, third finger 2'1, fifth finger 1'*7, tibia 0-6, foot 0'-26.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).
This small species resembles the well known Ph. bicolor very closely, and is mainly distinguished from it by the undivided front surface of the erect portion of the nose-leaf.
19. Phyllorhina coronata.
Phyllorhina coronata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 827 ; Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 72 (1876).
Ears considerably shorter than the head; ear-conch rounded off above, with a slight flattening of the upper third of the outer margin. General form of the erect portion of the nose-leaf as in Ph. diadema, the upper free margin being thickened and raised in the centre, but its concave front surface is quite undivided by vertical ridges, and its sides are without connecting bands; no trace of secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe. Frontal sac distinct. Wings from the tarsi; the extreme tip of the tail free. Above brown, paler at the base of the hairs; beneath yellowish brown.
Length (of the type, a not full-grown @ specimen), head and body 2-7, tail 1'"3, head 0'°85, ear 06, nose-leaf 0'32 x 0'"28, forearm 1°85, thumb 0'°38 ; third finger—metacarp. 1'-3, Ist. ph. 0-75, 2nd ph. 0-76; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°38, 1st. ph. 0'°86, 2nd ph. 0'°52; tibia 0"°7, caleaneum 0'"52, foot 0'°3. Hab. Mindanao, Philippine Islands.
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
20. Phyllorhina calcarata.
Phyllorhina calcarata, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 122, fig. 8. Ears as long as the head, triangular, with obtuse extremities ; inner margin of the ear-conch very convex in lower half, almost straight above; outer margin slightly concave immediately beneath the tip, then straight. Nose-leaf simple in front, no secondary leaflets on the sides of the muzzle; horizontal leaf narrow like that of Ph. bicolor; the transverse terminal leaf as in Ph. larvata, broader than the sella, with three short ill-defined vertical ridges dividing its concave front surface; a small frontal pore behind the transverse nose-leaf. .
148 RHINOLOPHTD.©.
First phalanx of the thumb as long as the metacarpal bone. Wings from the tarsi. Calcaneum remarkably long and strong, comparatively longer than in any other known species of the genus, exceeding half the tibia in length. Tail long, projecting one tenth of an inch beyond the interfemoral membrane.
Fur long and dense; above dark brown, the base of the hairs much paler, especially on the anterior half of the body; beneath orange-brown.
Length, head and body 2":5, tail 1'-4, head 0'°85, ear 0'°85, nose-leaf 0'-3x0':22, forearm 2”, thumb 0'°35; third finger— metacarp. 1'°3, Ist. ph. 0'°8, 2nd ph. 1"; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-45, Ist. ph. 0'°65, 2nd ph. 0'-65; tibia 0'"9, calcaneum 06, foot 0"4, A young specimen of this species from the same locality, with the epiphyses of the finger-bones quite ununited, has the forearm 1-7 long, and the foot and the caleaneum are nearly as long as in the adult example from which the above description was taken; the fur is almost wholly dark brown above (though paler on the anterior half of the body than behind, as in the adult animal), and light greyish brown beneath.
Hab. Duke of York Island, New Ireland.
a. ad, sk,, in al. (type). Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown [C.]. 21. Phyllorhina bicolor.
Rhinolophus bicolor, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 18 (1885-41). Phyllorhina antricola, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 769. Phylorhina bicolor, Peters, 1. c. 1871, p. 323; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 70 (1876).
(See synonymy ots isi ieee ) Ears large, oval; the lower half of the inner margin of the earconch very convex, the summit rounded off broadly, the upper third of the outer margin straight (Plate IX. fig. 9). Horseshoe small, square, scarcely as wide as the transverse terminal leaf, the concave front surface of which is divided into four cells by three distinct vertical ridges; no secondary leaflets external to the horseshoe; frontal glandular sac well developed, rudimentary in females, its position with difficulty determined in some, especially in immature females.
Wing-membrane extending to the ankles or tarsus; interfemoral membrane slightly angular behind, the extremity of the tail projecting, generally about one third of the last osseous caudal vertebra free.
Fur very variable in colour, in some specimens reddish chestnut, the base of the hairs and for three fourths their length pale reddish white; beneath similar but paler: in others the extremities of the hairs are dark reddish brown, and the basal three fourths almost pure white, while the fur beneath is pale yellowish white. (For measurements see Table, p. 150.)