4, COLRURA. 365 of the inner margin. Crown of the head slightly but abruptly raised above the flattened forehead; muzzle flat and broad above, the extremity projecting slightly beyond the lower lip, the nasal tubes not much raised above the muzzle; lower lip with a very distinct median groove, as in Taphozous (Plate XX. fig. 2). Wings from the ankles; tibie very long; calcaneum about three fourths the length of the tibia; interfemoral very deep, tail projecting on its upper surface by the last caudal vertebra only. Fur, above and beneath, dark brown, limited in a remarkable manner to the body, scarcely extending in any direction upon the wings, and leaving the interfemoral membrane altogether naked on its upper surface. ; Upper incisors unicuspidate, small and weak, separated at their bases, their cusps converging and rather close together at their extremities ; first upper premolar very small, in the tooth-row, scarcely raised above the gum, and almost invisible without the aid of a lens ; lower incisors trifid, the central pair on each side slightly overlapping the others.
(The measurements are given at p. 366, where they are compared with those of the next species.)
Hab. Seychelle Islands ; Zanzibar.
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
a. 6 ad, al.* Seychelle Islands, Dr. E. P. Wright [C.]. b @ ad, al. Zanzibar. Capt. J. E. Parish [P.
2. Coleura afra.
Emballonura afra, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Siéuyeth. p. 51, pls. xii., xiii. figs. 18, 19 (1852).
Coléura afra, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 479. About the size of C. seychellensis ; the ears the same length as in that species, but conspicuously wider above and more broadly rounded off ; the form of the muzzle also quite different, viewed from beneath it appears acutely conical, the summit of the cone formed by the very prominent nostrils, which are also raised considerably above the surface of the muzzle, the extremity of which projects much beyond the lower lip; the lower lip is not divided by a median groove (Plate XX. fig. 3). ie Wings from the ankles; calcaneum nearly as long as the tibia; tibia and interfemoral membrane much shorter than in C. seychellensis.
On the upper surface the fur of the body extends outwards upon the wing-membrane almost as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of the femur, and upon the interfemoral as far as the point of exit of the tail; beneath, the distribution of the hair is similar; a fringe of hairs, longer than in C. seychellensis, margins the upper lip.
Upper incisors as In C. seychellensis, but separated by a much * One of the specimens from which the type of the species was taken.
“366 EMBALLONURIDE.
wider interval, each placed in the centre of the space between the canine and the middle of the intercanine space; first upper premolar larger, nearly equal to the cingulum of the canine in vertical extent and visible to the naked eye; lower incisors not crowded. Hab. Mozambique.
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
In the following Table the measurements of this species are contrasted with those of C. seychellensis :— Length, head and body ...........ccccsccnecoossersccese ' 2°35 GahUBL.cawaccscenousactminrescestelonoreaerctuewicspatcentes;0°65 gg: Od? ceceracsssennes ee @ 0°85 . ear .... 0°65 a URAC 5: cinnishiscmeavaseen peauemarecineanecrsune : 02 os fora wees stun cekesaunceietsad ecu sastseeiee : 2-2 TUM ys cciaenguseanwnes see sscseas menace inne tees ms 0-4 3 third finger, metacarpal 1:75 06 5 i 55 Ist phalanx ; ape OMY oy sitscleamoeanhaneeis . 0°85 - fourth finger, metacarpal 1:35 os * y Ist phalanx 0-5 ’ ” ” 2nd ” 0:3 “ fifth finger, metacarpal............c..cseee ees 1:2 5 sy) LSt phalane :.ccccccnaneerescess : 0-5 - i wen SONGS) Rk Seeks eter can ; 0:25 see Unblbi@txeseoceecs acesbouuessces ese eeenbenncineenaae : 0:95 6 CAICADCUMD: « viacosrereenarcccaetse 0°55 3 LOGE. waiiacmtratan ase emassaaaaneone sadeanaleaaetes 0:45 a. ad., al.# Mozambique. Dr. Peters [C.].
5. RHYNCHONYCTERIS.
Prohoscidea, Spix, Stmiar. et Vespertil. Bresil. p. 62 (1828). Rhynchonycteris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 477. Ears separate, ear-conch very narrow and attenuated above, with a rounded very distinct antitragus ; tragus much longer than broad, rounded off above, slightly inclined inwards; upper extremity of the muzzle very much pointed and produced beyond the lower lip, nostrils opening by horizontal oval apertures ; no sac in the antebrachial membrane; wings from the ankles; caleaneum considerably longer than the tibia; premaxillary bones much expanded at their bases ; facial bones mesially concave; anterior margin of the orbit in the same vertical line with the first small premolar; dental formula as in Saccoptery2.
Range. Neotropical Region (Mexican and Brazilian Subregions). This genus, which is represented by a single species only, appears to connect the group Emballonure with the group Noctiliones, resembling the genus Noctilio very closely in the form of the earconch, of the nasal apertures, and of the lower lip, and having almost the same geographical range.
* One of the specimens from which the type of the species was taken.
5. RHYNCIONYCTERIS. 367 .
1, Rhynchonycteris naso.
Vespertilio naso, Wied, Schinz, Thierreich, Bd. i. p. 179 (1821); Beitr, sur Naturgesch. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 274 (1826). ee saxatilis e¢ rivalis, Spiv, op. cit. p. 62, pl. xxxv. fig. viii. Emballonura lineata, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 297 (1835- 41), vide Peters, 1. c. p. 478.
Rhynchonycteris naso, Peters, 1. c.
Ears shorter than the head, very narrow above and subacutely pointed; inner margin of the ear-conch arising above the eye, slightly convex below, straight or faintly concave above to the tip, outer margin abruptly concave immediately beneath the tip, becoming slightly convex about the middle, with an acute emargination opposite the tragus, cutting off a well-defined circular antitragus, beyond which it terminates on a level with the angle of the mouth, but much nearer to the base of the tragus; tragus much longer than broad, slightly inclined forwards, rounded off narrowly above, the outer and inner margins slightly convex, no distinct lobule at the base of the outer margin. Upper extremity of the muzzle produced far beyond the canines and the lower lip (Plate XX. fig. 4), conical, pointed, terminated by the slightly projecting inner margins of the nasal apertures, which form long ovals placed horizontally, opening sublaterally, separated by a slightly concave space not equal in width to half the diameter of one nostril; lower lip with two prominent naked pendulous papille.
Calecanea much longer than the tibia, nearly equal to half the length of the forearm, their extremities projecting more than one tenth of an inch beyond the membrane; wing-membrane extending to the ankles or tarsus.
Above, dark brown, the extremities of the hairs greyish ; beneath, dark brown at the base, the extremities grey, so that the whole under surface appears white.
The muzzle in front of the eyes is covered with short fur and a few long hairs, the inner side of the ear-conch is clothed with some greyish hairs; the antebrachial membrane is thinly covered with some short grey hairs, which are most abundant near the forearm, while similar hairs, arranged in small tufts, form a band on the wing-membrane along the forearm almost to the carpus; the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the distal third of the humerus to the knee, beyond this becoming very short and arranged in tufts along the oblique lines with which the membrane is marked; the interfemoral membrane is thinly covered with moderately long fur as far as a line connecting the ankles when the limbs are extended ; beneath, the antebrachial membrane is naked, and the wing-membrane is clothed with soft grey fur as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the distal third of the humerus, beyond which it does not extend ; nearly the whole of the inferior surface of the interfemoral is thinly covered with very short hairs.
368 EMBALLONURID..
Upper incisors very small and feeble, closer to each other than to the canines ; lower incisors also very small, trifid, and in the direction of the jaws; upper canines with a prominent internal basal cusp; first upper premolar small, with an anterior basal cusp, close to the base of the canine, and removed from the second premolar by a space; in the lower jaw the premolars are similarly placed, but the second is narrow and long, and the anterior basal cusp is scarcely visible.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'-65, tail 0'55, head 0"-6, ear 0'"5, tragus 0'"15, forearm 1'-4, thumb 0'°25; third finger —metacarp. 1'°35, Ist ph. 0'°45, 2nd ph. 0-6; fourth finger— metacarp. 1'"1, Ist ph. 0'"3, 2nd ph. 0':25; fifth finger—metacarp. 1", Ist ph. 03, 2nd ph. 0'"2; tibia 0'°5, calcaneum 0'-68, foot 0'-25.
Hab. Guatemala, Honduras, British Guiana; Surinam; Brazil; Peruvian Amazons.
This very remarkable small species, so easily distinguished by the great length of the extremity of the muzzle and by its narrow ears, is abundant in the vicinity of streams throughout the tropical parts of Central and South America. It is commonly found during day, resting on the vertical faces of rocks or on the underside of the slanting trunks of trees growing on the banks of rivers, so that the names used by Spix to designate the species, Proboscidea saxatilis et rivalis, are very appropriate. Its manner of resting on such smooth surfaces was first noticed by the writer when travelling in British Guiana in 1873. On the margin of a wide drain leading to the sea from some sugar-plantations, a square-cut post of the exceedingly hard “ green-heart” wood had been driven obliquely into the ground, so that one side slightly overhung the water. To this smooth side a colony of about twelve individuals of Rh. naso were clinging, head downwards, with anterior and posterior extremities separated outwards, and the interfemoral membrane laid flat against the surface of the wood, so that they looked like so many pinned specimens of the genus Papilio, the separated legs resembling the tail-like projections from the posterior margins of the wings of these insects. So flatly did they adhere to the smooth surface of the wood, and so well did the greyish fur of their bodies and the small tufts of greyish hairs on the antebrachial membrane and on the wing-membrane on the outer side of the forearm counterfeit the weathered surface of the wood, that it was some time before the little colony could be distinguished by those to whom its hiding-place was pointed out. As the shades of evening approach, even before the sun has touched the horizon, Rh. naso may be seen flitting rapidly along the streams, no doubt in search of small insects which either hover close to, or rest upon, the surface of the smooth water, the capture of which its projecting upper lip and downward direction of the opening of the mouth are peculiarly adapted to effect. a. 2 ad., al. Honduras.
b. & ad., al. Ysabel de Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
6. sACCOPTERYX. 369 ce. 2 ad, al. Demerara. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. d. 3 ad., al. Surinam. Dr. Peters [Fr .
e. d ad., al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C. 1].
fa. $& 9 ad, al. Upper Amazons. My. Bartlett [C.1. J, k. ad. sks. Lake of Haulhaja, Santa Mr. Bartlett [C.}. Cruz, Peruvian Amazons.
4,m. 9 ad., al.
6. SACCOPTERYX.
Saccopteryx, Ilhger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. p. 121 (1811). Taphozous, Geoffroy (in part), Descript. de Egypte, ii. p. 126 (1812). Taphozous e¢ Urocryptus, Zemminck (in part), Monogr. Mammal. ti. pp. 294, 300 (1835-41).
Saccopteryx, Peropteryx, Cormura, Balantiopteryx, Centronycteris, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, pp. 471-476, and 1872, p. 701. Ear-conch very similar in general outline to that of Emballonura, but the tragus is pever expanded above, generally slightly narrowed at the upper third; forehead flat or slightly concave; extremity of the muzzle projecting more or less beyond the lower lip, terminated by the circular nasal apertures, which are close together; antebrachial membrane with a pouch opening on its upper surface, well developed in males, rudimentary or absent in females; wings from the ankles or from the sides of the feet as far as the metatarsus ; interfemoral membrane and tail as in Lmballonura. Dentition. Inc. a ec, ss pm. = m. = Upper incisors feeble, unicuspidate, closer to each other than to the canines. x Range. Neotropical Region (Mexican and Brazilian Subregions), The peculiar glandular sac in the antebrachial portion of the wing-membrane in the species of this genus, first noticed by Schreber in S. leptura*, has been subsequently described by Dr. J. E. Gray t and by Hr. Reinhardtt; and Dr. Peters has divided the genus Saccopteryx into several genera, mainly distinguished by the position of this sac, which in different species occupies different parts of the membrane.
The wing-sac is developed only in the male; in the female it is quite rudimentary, its position being indicated only by two small folds of skin, scarcely raised above the surface of the membrane, which correspond to the margins of the mouth of the sac in the male. In the adult males of the different species a valvular longitudinal opening is found on the upper surface of the antebrachial membrane. This opening leads into a small pouch (in some species large enough to hold a pea), which projects abruptly from the under surface of the membrane. The interior of this pouch is lined by a glandular membrane, which secretes an unctuous substance of a reddish colour, with a strong ammoniacal odour. In some species * See p. 371 and footnote.
t ines Mag. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 279. + Lc. 1849, p. 386, 23
370 EMBALLONURID.
the lining membrane is deeply wrinkled. The mouth of the sac is formed by two raised edges, whereof one is higher than the other, and when the wing is at rest lies over the other and closes the sac; but when the wing is extended the margins of the aperture are separated and the sac opened.
Reinhardt, who examined many specimens of Saccopteryx canina, both living and recently killed, remarks that the bag is provided with particular muscles, on the contraction of which it must open; for in the alar membrane are seen fine muscular fibres which run from the edges of the aperture in a direction parallel with the outer edge of the alar membrane, partly towards the body, partly towards the thumb.
The development of this alar glandular sac (peculiar to this genus) in males only indicates that it is a secondary sexual character, analogous to the throat-pouches of Taphozous, the frontal sacs of Phyllorhina, and other glandular organs found in the males only of many species of Chiroptera*, all of which secrete an oily substance of strong odour, which is probably of use in attracting the females. Synopsis of Subgenera and Species. a. Wing-sac opening along the forearm on the outer side of the antebrachial membrane; ears narrowed above, emarginate externally, tragus abruptly truncated above; wings from the tibie or from the ankles; premaxillary bones without internal oblique process, facial bones flattened ; anterior margin of the orbit in a vertical line with the second upper Sasa scderpieuotngtixie Siomieiele eteaieee 6 Sube. SaccopTEryxf. «. No longitudinal streaks on the fur of the back; forearm about 1'"4 .......... 1. S&. leptura, p. 371. 8. Two longitudinal streaks on the fur of the back ; forearm about 18 ...... 2. S. bilineata, p. 372. b. Wing-sac opening near the anterior margin of the antebrachial membrane, aperture directed outwards; ears triangular, rounded, close together or united by a band across the face; tragus rounded off above ; wings from the tibia or from the tarsus; premaxillary bones with an internal oblique process; facial bones mesially hollowed, laterally expanded above in front of the orbits; anterior margin of the orbit in the same vertical line with the middle of the second premolar .... Subg. PERoPTERYxf. . Ears separate ; wings from the distal end of the tibie; forearm 1"8........... 3. 8. canina, p. 373. * See my paper “On Secondary Sexual Characters in Chiroptera,” in P. Z.8. 1873, pp. 241-252.
t Genus Saccopteryx, Ptrs. /. ¢, t Genus Peropteryx, Ptrs. /.c.
6, SACCOPTERYX. 371 ¢. Wing-sac opening in the centre of the ante- PROM EIY ES a sna me ten ee hie Subg. BALANTIOPTERYX*, EF iL aia avec ge alah sagt tae ey 5. S. phicata, p. 376. tudinal central groove................ Subg. Cenrronycreris. ¢. Ears slightly longer than the head; forearm 175 «0.2.2... Sear ainenen ey oe 6. S, calearata, p. 376. 1. Saccopteryx leptura.
Vespertilio lepturus, Schreber, Stiugeth. i. p. 178, pl. 57 (1775). Saccopteryx lepturus, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. p. 121 (1811); Krauss, Erichson’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch. 1846, p. 178, fig. 6. Saccopteryx leptura, Peters, MB, Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 471. Head scarcely raised above the face-line: eyes large; nose prominent, raised above the muzzle and projecting slightly in front, with a narrow but distinct groove above between the nostrils; nasal apertures opening close together in front, directed forwards, downwards, and slightly outwards; extremity of the muzzle projecting slightly beyond the lower lip; lower lip with a vertical groove in front, Ears narrow, somewhat shorter than the head; inner margin of the ear-conch arising slightly above the eye, convex in lower, straight in upper two thirds, tip narrowly rounded off, outer margin deeply concave in upper one third, then convex, slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, terminating midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth in a slightly convex lobe; tragus longer than broad, inner margin straight or slightly concave, outer margin with an indistinct triangular lobe above the base, then straight, slightly convex above, with small, rounded, bead-like projections, tip rounded off.
Antebrachial membrane in male with a deep pouch, the mouth of which extends along the forearm from a point near the anterior and outer margin of the membrane backwards and inwards towards the elbow, 0'"3 inch in lengtht; in the female this sac is quite rudimentary. The interior of the sac is lined with a glandular membrane, which is deeply wrinkled, and contains an unctuous substance. Wings from the ankles or tarsi; interfemoral membrane very large, extending, when expanded, to a considerable distance beyond the feet; calcaneum as long as the tibia.
* Genus Balantiopteryx, Ptrs. lc.
t+ See an grecllent representation of this sac, viewed from the under surface of the antebrachial membrane, in Schreber, Siugethiere, i. pha 232
372 EMBALLONURTDAG, Fur dark brown or black above, the extreme tips of the hairs greyish ; beneath, similar but paler.
On the upper surface the wing-membrane is densely covered as far as a line drawn from the distal third of the humerus to the knee, the fur terminating by a sharply defined margin; on the interfemoral as far as the extremity of the tail, the femur and part of the tibia being also covered; the feet are naked. Beneath, the wing-membrane is similarly covered, but the fur is finer and less densely spread; the whole of the interfemoral is clothed with short fine hairs.
Upper incisors very slender and acutely pointed; one incisor on each side in the centre of the space between the canine and the middle line; lower incisors trifid, in the direction of the jaws; upper canine with an acute basal cusp in front and behind, separated from the second premolar by a rather wide space, in the anterior part of which, close to the base of the canine and slightly external, the first minute premolar is placed; second premolar large, with an anterior basal cusp ; first lower premolar triangular, short, with a blunt basal cusp projecting from the cingulum in front and behind, Length, head and body 1’55, tail 0-6, head 0-55, ear 0'"5, tragus 0-12, forearm 1”°4, thumb 0":23; third finger—metacarp. 1:35, Ist ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0-7; fourth finger—metacarp. 1"*2, 1st ph. 0"-3, 2nd ph. 0-35; fifth finger—metacarp. 1"-15, Ist ph. 0:32, 2nd ph. 0:22; tibia 0'-6, calcaneum 0'':6, foot 0'28. Hab. Surinam ; Brazil (Para, Santarem).
a. fo ad, al. Surinam. Mr. Bartlett [C.].
b. fo ad., al. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].
ce fo ad, al. Santarem. Mr. Wickham [C. ].
2. Saccopteryx bilineata.
Urocryptus bilineatus, Temminck, Van der Hoeven, Tijdsch. Natureta p. 38, figs. 3, 4 (1889); Monogr. Mammal. ii, p. 801 (1835- 41).
Pubtlomre bilineata, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb, Sdugeth. v. p. 694 O00).
Shee a bilineata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 471. In the form of the head and ears, and in the position and structure of the wing-sac very similar to the preceding species, from which, however, it is distinguished by its much greater size and by the presence of two white longitudinal streaks on the back. The sac in the antebrachial membrane is remarkably large (in male specimens), its mouth occupying a space on the upper surface of the membrane along the second quarter of the forearm, being 0'45 inch long, leading into a deep sac, the concavity of which is marked with numerous longitudinal wrinkles; in females the sac is present in the same position, but is very small, and the longitudinal wrinkles are absent.
Wings from the tarsus; caleaneum and interfemoral membrane as in S, leptura.