7. TAPHOZOUS. 381 well clothed with hair, by the larger ears, and especially by the tail, which is thickened and somewhat laterally compressed towards the tip, though in every other species of the genus it tapers slightly towards its extremity, and also by the colour of the fur. Length, head and body 3'"1, tail 1”, ear 0:85, tragus 0''-23, forearm 2"-5, thumb 0:35; third finger—metacarp. 2’-2, 1st. ph. 0'8, 2nd ph. 09; fifth finger 2"-1, tibia 0-9, foot 0-5. _Hab, India (Lower Bengal, Madras, Malabar coast) ; Burma ; Pinang; Pulo Tickus; Cochin China; J ava; Borneo; Philippine Islands.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
a. ad. sk. Caves of Kennara,Ma- East India Comp. [P.]. ’ labar coast of India.
b,c. Simm.etad.jal. Tenasserim Province. Dr. Oldham [P.]. (The older male specimen with well-developed black beard.) d. ad. sk. Pinang. East India Comp. [P.].
e. ad. sk. Pulo Tickus, * Dr. Cantor [C. ].
f. of ad., al. Cochin China. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. gh. Sad, al. Borneo. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq. iP :
im $&Qad.,al. Borneo? Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.]. o-g. 6& Gad. al. Philippine Islands. Mr. Cuming [C.}. r-u. 6& 9 ad. al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Goll. (Types of Taphozous philippinensis, Waterhouse. ) v, ad. sk. Purchased.
2. Taphozous theobaldi.
Taphozous theobaldi, Dubson, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Aug. 1872, p. 152; P. Z. S. 1875, p. 550; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 168 (1876).
Gular sac absent in both sexes. Inner margin of the ear papillate ; ears larger than in any of the species of Taphozous. Radiometacarpal pouch well developed, larger than in 7’. melanopogon. Wings from the tibie above the ankles.
The fur of the head extends upon the face as far as a line drawn between the inner corners of the eyes, the remainder of the muzzle is nearly naked; ear-conch naked, except where a few hairs clothe the basal portion of its inner surface ; posteriorly the ears are naked except at the base and along their outer margins. On the upper surface the wing- and interfemoral membranes are quite naked, the fur being strictly limited to the body; laterally the limit of the fur upon the back is defined by a well-marked line, convex inwards in the lumbar region; in 7. melanopogon and in Tf. nudiventris the line of fur is convex outwards in the same situation ; so that in this species the space occupied by fur in the lumbar region is narrower than in any of the other species, and appears to depend on the position of attachment of the wing-membrane. The tail has but three or four long, very fine hairs.
Inferiorly, the chin is naked as far as the anterior prolongation of the external margin of the ears ; the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus
382 EMBALLONURID&, and femur; from this a band of fine hairs extends outwards to the carpus; the interfemoral membrane is naked; the backs of the toes are covered with very short hairs.
Upper incisors very short and blunt.
Length, head and body 3"35, tail 1°35, head 1-15, ear (anteriorly) 1"-1, tragus 0"28, forearm 3”, thumb 0"-45, third finger 4"-7, fifth finger 2"-5, tibia 1""15, caleaneum 0"-9, foot 0:65. Hab. Tenasserim Province.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 3. Taphozous australis.
Taphozous australis, Gould, Mammals of Australia (1853); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 690; Dobson, P. Z. S, 1875, p. 550, A distinct but rather small throat-sac in males, in females quite absent, the chin being covered with hairs in the position occupied by the throat-sac in the males. LHdars large, as long as the head, inner margin of the ear-conch papillate ; no lobule at the base of the tragus. Radio-metacarpal pouch well developed.
Wings from the ankles or tarsus. Tail slender.
The face is everywhere covered with hair, which in front of the frontal depression is very short. The fur of the back extends for a short distance upon the wing-membrane, and upon the interfemoral as far as the point perforated by the tail; the remaining part has a few short hairs. Beneath, the wing-membrane is densely covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee, the limit of the fur being strictly defined as in 7’. melanopogon. As in other species, a band of fur passes outwards behind the forearm to the carpus.
Fur above and beneath pure white at the base, the remaining three fourths of the hairs above dark brown, and terminal half beneath paler brown. The fur of the body rather long and dense. Length, head and body 3”, tail 1""3, ear 0"-95, tragus 0”:28, forearm 2"-7, thumb 0''4; third finger—metacarp. 2’°5, 1st ph. 0':8, Qnd ph. 11; fifth finger 2''45, tibia 1"-05, calcaneum 0'"8, foot 0"-45, Hab. Australia, from Cape York to King George’s Sound; New Guinea.
a. dad, al. New Guinea. Mrs. Stanley [P.].
b,c. ad. sks. Albany Island, Cape York. Voy. of ‘ Rattlesnake.’ d. Q ad., al. (type). King George’s Sound. Dr. Richardson [P.]. 3a. Taphozous flaviventris.
Taphozous flaviventris (Goud), Peters, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 480. Taphozous australis, var. flaviventris, Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 551. ? Taphozous hargravei, Pierson-Ramsay, Proc. Linn, Soc, New South Wales, 1876, p. 81.
I have not had an opportunity of examining the single specimen on which this species was founded, and the following description
7. TAPHOZOUS. 383 by Dr. Peters is not sufficient to permit me to include it in the synopsis of the species :— ‘* Above black-brown; beneath pale ochraceous yellow; hair unicolor, the hairs on the belly whitish at the base; wings blackish, at the posterior margin whitish. Male with a large fossa between the hinder parts of the branches of the lower jaw; ears rounded, externally slightly emarginate; tragus as long as high, securiform ; wings on the dorsal side naked, on the underside, above and below the arm-bones, woolly; femora on the dorsal side naked, on the ventral side covered with a thin woolly fur, which descends on the base of the interfemoral membrane. Also the point of the tail shows some hair.
“Total length, about 0-130 metre, length of head 0-035, ear 0-018, breadth of ear 0-011, length of tail 0-025, forearm 0-075, first finger 0-014, second finger 0-074, third finger 0-144, fourth finger 0-087, fifth finger 0-072, tibia 0-028, foot (with claws) 0:016, spur 0-033. “This species, represented by a single male, submitted to my examination by Mr. Gould, is, although nearly related to 7’. australis, Gould, different in colour and in its superior size.” Hab. Australia.
Taphozous hargravei, Pierson-Ramsay, appears to be identical with this species. The measurements agree very closely, and the only difference of importance is the stated absence of the gular sac, which, however, the describer seems to be not thoroughly certain of, as the skin from which the description was taken was in bad condition.
4. Taphozous perforatus.
Taphozous perforatus, Geoffroy, Descript. de Egypte, ii. p-. 126; Lemm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 281; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 684; Dobson, P. Z, 8. 1875, p. 551.
Gular sac in males large, in females quite absent, chin hairy beneath; ears shorter than the head, inner margin faintly papillate. Radio-metacarpal pouch well developed.
Wings from the tibic, about a quarter of an inch above the ankles. Extremity of the tail attenuated.
Fur short, dark brown above and beneath, extending on both surfaces of the wing-membrane from the middle of the humerus to the middle of the femur, on the interfemoral membrane as far as the point perforated by the tail. oe : ' Length, head and body 2'-95, tail 0-95, ear 0"°7, tragus 0"-28, forearm 2:4, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 2"-2, Ist ph. 0-7, 2nd ph. 0-9; fifth finger 2”, tibia 0-9, foot 0'°45. Hab. Egypt.
Type ‘adhe collection of the Paris Museum.
a, b,c. ad. sks. West Africa. Purchased.
384 EMBALLONURID.2.
5. Taphozous longimanus.
Taphozous longimanus, Hardwicke, Linn. Transact. xiv. p. 525 (1824); Temm. Monogr. Mamm. as 289; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. x. p. 974; Kelaart, Prodr. Faune Zeylanice, p. 12; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 688; Horsfield, Catal. Mammal. Mus. E. I. Comp. p. 41; Dobson, Proc, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Aug. 1872, p. 153; P. Z. S. 1875, p. 55; id. Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 170, tigs. a, b 1876).
phox fulvidus e¢ brevicaudus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. X. p. dio.
fPaphoeous cantori, zd. xi. 784.
The gular sac is large and well-developed, though not so large as in 7’. saccolemus ; in the female it is represented by a rudimentary fold of skin and nakedness of the integument in the same situation *. Radio-metacarpal pouch moderately developed. Inner margin of ear smooth, not papillate; ears about same size as in J’. saccolemus. ‘Wings from the ankles.
The fur of the head extends upon the face slightly in front of the eyes ; the muzzle is almost quite naked ; the inner side of the earconch is rather thickly covered with moderately long fine hair ; posteriorly the ear is almost naked, but a few fine hairs are ranged along the outer margin; the tragus is quite naked. On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus and femur; posteriorly the interfemoral membrane is covered as far as the point of exit of the tail, along which some long fine hairs extend; the remainder of the interfemoral membraue is clothed with very short, almost invisible fur, which extends along the tibie to the feet, becoming longer on the terminal phalanges of the toes.
Beneath, the fur in front of the gular pouch, under the chin, is very short, and the skin there almost naked; the antebrachial membrane is covered with longer fur than upon the upper surface; on the wing-membrane the fur of the body extends more densely and further outwards than on the upper surface, being limited by a line joining the distal and middle thirds of the humerus and femur, but a narrow band of hairs extends outwards to the carpus; posteriorly the interfemoral membrane is naked, except at the root of the tail. Fur varying from reddish brown to black, above and beneath, the bases of the hairs whitish.
Upper incisors small and very slender in some individuals, in the greater number of specimens absent.
Length, head and body 3"°1, tail 1-15, head 0°95, ear (anteriorly) 0'°8, tragus 0'°25, forearm 2:45, thumb 0'°3, third finger 4'"2, fifth finger 2-15, tibia 0-95, calcaneum 0'"85, foot 0-45. Hab. Indian Peninsula; Ceylon; Burmah.
Abundant about Calcutta and in all the southern parts of the Indian Peninsula; not yet recorded from Northern India, nor from the Himalaya.
The colour of the fur varies very much. Among a large collection * See figures in ‘Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt.’ referred to above.
7. TAPHOZOUS. 385 of specimens taken at the same place, one may be found with reddishbrown. fur, the others blacker. In all cases, however, the base of the fur is whitish, and the darker-coloured individuals are generally females. This species very closely resembles 7’. perforatus, Geoff., and may yet be shown to be a variety only of that species. The number of well-preserved specimens of the latter species in the Museums at present is not sufficient to decide the question. a,b. 3 ad, al. India.
e-f. ad. sks. Caleutta.
gh. S& Qad,al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. 7 fo ad., al. Tenasserim Province. Dr. Oldham [P.]. j. ad. sk. Malacca. A. Charlton, Esq. [P.].
k. skeleton. India. Dr. Leith [P.}.
1, skeleton.
m. skull. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.].
Var. a.
Taphozous longimanus, var. leucopleurus.
A single specimen in the collection, obtained by Mr. Wallace in Flores, resembles 7’. longimanus from India and Burmah closely in general structure and in measurements, but differs slightly in the colour, quality, and distribution of the fur.
The fur is rather long, especially about the neck and upon the under surface of the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur. On the upper surface the posterior half of the antebrachial membrane is clothed with moderately long brown fur, and a small patch of very short hairs appears behind the elbow; the wings are clothed as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the distal third of the femur near the knee; very short, almost invisible hairs extend along the tibie to the feet, and a few long hairs spring from the base of the claws; beneath, the fur of the antebrachial membrane is longer, but occupies the anterior half of the membrane, and the wing-membrane is thickly clothed as far as a line drawn from the distal third of the humerus to the middle of the femur; a band of thinly spread fur (longer than in other species) passes outwards behind the forearm, increasing in width until, at the fifth metacarpal, it extends along almost half its length. ; Above, pale greyish brown at the base of the hairs and for three fourths their length, the terminal third dark brown, tipped with paler greyish brown ; beneath, similar, but the terminal third of the hairs is paler than on the upper surface, the long fur on the wings between the humerus and femur white.
Length, head and body 2'"9, tail 1-1, ear 0-8, thumb 0"-3, forearm 2'3; third finger—metacarp. 2-3, Ist ph. 09, 2nd ph. 1"; fourth finger—metacarp. 1'"8, Ist ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0-3 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°35, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0'°9, foot 0'°5.
Hab. Flores, Malay Archipelago.
a. ad. sk. Flores. A.R. ree Esq. [C.].
c
386 EMBALLONURIDE.
6. Taphozous mauritianus.
Taphozous mauritianus, Geoffroy, Descript. de 1 Egypte, ii. p. 127; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 291; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 685; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 653. Taphozous leucopterus, Tem. l.c. p. 284 (vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 402) ; Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Sdugeth. p. 56, pl. xiii. fig. 20 (1852).
Inner margin of the ear indistinctly papillate; tragus naked, with a distinct angular projection near the base of its outer margin. Gular sac distinct in males, rudimentary in females, the throat being naked only in the position of the sac. Radio-metacarpal pouch smaller than in 7’. longimanus.
Wings from the ankles. Feet small.
On the upper surface the face in front of the eyes is covered with short hairs, and the fur of the back extends upon the interfemoral membrane slightly beyond the point of perforation by the tail; beneath, the distribution of fur upon the membrane is similar, but the interfemoral is very thinly covered.
Fur, above, from the base for three fourths its length light buffbrown, then dark brown with grey extremities ; beneath, similar on shoulders and sides of the thorax and neck behind the ears as far back as the origin of the antehumeral membrane, the neck behind the gular pouch and the remainder of the chest and abdomen pure white.
On the upper surface the wing-membrane as far outwards as a line drawn from the ankle to the elbow and also the antehumeral and interfemoral membranes are brown; the remaining part of the wing-membrane white, except a small ill-defined patch of brown inside the first phalanx of the longest finger; beneath, all the membranes are white.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 3'1, tail 1”, ear (anteriorly) 0'"8, tragus 0''25, forearm 2'"4, thumb 0’"3; third finger— metacarp. 2'':25, 1st ph. 0-9, 2nd ph. 1”; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-35, 1st ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0-4; tibia 0-85, foot 0-45. Hab. Ethiopian Region; Africa (eastern and western coasts), Madagascar, Bourbon and Mauritius islands.
The species is easily distinguished by the peculiar speckled appearance of the fur, which is quite different from that of any other known species of the genus, also by the white colour of the greater portion of the membranes.
a. ? ad, al, West Africa. Mr. Fraser [C. ].
& fg ad, al. West Africa. Purchased.
ce. ad. ak, West Africa. Purchased.
d. 9 ad. al. Lagos. Purchased.
e. ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.
fF Q ad, al. Africa.
g. ad. sk. Africa.
A,?. ad. sks, Bourbon.
jk S$ & Q ad., al. Purchased.
7. TAPHOZOUS. 387 7. Taphozous nudiventris.
Taphozous nudiventris, Cretzschmar, in Riipp. Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Stéiugeth. p. 70, fig. 27 6 (1826); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 280; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 684; Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 553; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 171 (1876). A small gular sac in males, rudimentary in females. Ear-conch papillate along inner margin. Radio-metacarpal pouch very small. Wings from the tibie above the ankles.
In front, the fur of the head does not extend upon the face beyond the frontal depression, and the muzzle is nearly naked ; ear-conch with a few fine hairs only on its inner side; tragus naked. The fur of the back is limited laterally and posteriorly by a well-defined line, beyond which the finest hair does not pass; it does not extend upon the wing-membrane or upon the interfemoral; and the humerus, forearm, and antebrachial membrane are quite naked; posteriorly its termination is separated from the point of exit of the tail by a considerable interval, about three quarters of an inch. A few very long hairs, almost as long as in the species of Molossus, arise from the backs of the toes. Beneath, the throat is nearly naked; the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus towards the pubis, and a band of fine hairs extends outwards posterior to the forearm to the carpus; the lower part of the abdomen, the legs, and the interfemoral membrane are quite naked.
In this species large collections of fat surrounding the root of the tail and extending between the thighs are found in many specimens, especially in those taken during the hibernating season. This appears to be a provision for sustaining life during the cold season, and would seem to indicate that this is the most northerly species of the genus; for I have not observed similar deposits of fat in the body of any of the other species, which all inhabit tropical or subtropical regions. The only other species of Bat in which similarly large deposits of fat are found is Rhinopoma microphyllum, which inhabits the same countries. — % Length (of an adult ?), head and body 3'"-7, tail 1-6, ear 0'"85, tragus 0':25, forearm 2'-95, thumb 0/45 ; third finger—metacarp. 2-55, Ist ph. 1-1, 2nd ph. 1-2; fifth finger 2''8, tibia 12, foot 0'°6. i c rate Hab. Africa (North Africa, Egypt, Nubia, Gambia) ; Asia Minor (Palestine, Euphrates).
a. 2 ad, al. North Africa.
b. ad. sk. ee . ad. sk. Africa.
a. = ad., al, ? Africa. Purchased.
e-g. 6 &Qad,al. Palestine. Rev. H, B. Tristram [C.]. h-j. ad. sks. Expedition to the Euphrates, 1850.
k. Q ad, al. M. Parzudaki [C. ].
7. ad. sk. 202
388 EMBALLONURID&E.
Var. a.
Taphozous kachhensis, Dobson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 221. Taphozous nudiventris, subsp. kachhensis, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 553; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 172 (1876).
Very similar to 7. nudiventris in general form and in the distribution of the fur, but distinguished by the absence of the gular sac in both male and female; in the male the usual position of the sac is indicated by a small semicircular fold of skin and nakedness of the integument; in the female the surface is smooth. The measurements are also slightly different; but the general resemblance to 7’. nucdtventris is so close that I hesitate to class it as a distinct species. Length (of an adult 9), head and body 3’'°6, tail 1-25, ear 09, tragus 0'°25, forearm 2''95, thumb 0'°45; third finger—metacarp. 2''°7, lst ph. 1-1, 2nd ph. 1'"3; fifth finger 2'7, tibia 1'"1, foot 0°65, Hab. Kachh, N.W. India.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. II. No radio-metacarpal pouch; lower lip divided in the centre of tts upper surface and in front by a deep narrow groove.
Subgenus 2. TAPHONYCTERIS.
8. Taphozous saccolemus.
Taphozous saccolaimus, Temminck, Monogr. Mamunal. ii. p. 285, pl. 60; Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 554; Monogr. Aseat. Chiropt. p. 172 (1876).
Taphozous crassus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 491. Taphozous pulcher, Elliot, 1. c. p. 492.
Ears shorter than the head; tragus concave on outer surface, upper margin regularly convex, margined posteriorly by a fringe of fine hairs; inner margin of the ear-conch smooth, not papillate. Gular sac well developed in both male and female, but much larger in the male; lower lip with a deep narrow groove in the centre of its upper surface and in front. No radio-metacarpal pouch. Wings from the ankles.
On the upper surface the fur of the body scarcely extends upon the wing-membrane, the line of attachment of which seems to limit its extent; posteriorly the fur terminates, as on the sides, in a well-defined line limited by the root of the tail; the interfemoral membrane and the legs are quite naked, the feet are also naked, thus differing from the greater number of, if not from all, the species of the genus. Beneath, the chin and sides of the gular sac are covered with very short hair, the thorax and abdomen with moderately long fur, as on the upper surface ; the antebrachial membrane has a few fine hairs ; and the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus and the femur, a line of fur passing outwards to the carpus and occupying a considerable triangular patch of membrane there between the forearm and fifth metacarpal bone. Fur, above, white at the base, the greater part of the hairs dark