2, PTEROPUS. 53 ¢, d@'. imm. & ad. skulls. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot [P.]. e’. ad. skull of x.
J’. ad. skull. Zool. Soc. Coll.
7’, h'. ad. skulls.
e’. ad. skull.
28. Pteropus edwardsii.
Pteropus edwardsii, Geoffroy (in part), Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 92 (1810) ; Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 23. Pteropus phaiops, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 178 (1827); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 392.
Slightly smaller than Pt. medius, but resembling that species closely in the form of the head and ears, and generally in the colour and distribution of the fur.
The ears are, however, considerably shorter, and the face and under surface of the lower jaw are deep black, not reddish brown as in Pt. medius ; crown of the head and nape pale reddish yellow to pale buff, collar reddish yellow to pale yellow, chest and abdomen varying from pale yellow to reddish yellow, the sides of the body beneath the wings dark reddish brown, as in the preceding species; back black, the hairs short and closely appressed and mixed with more or less greyish hairs. In females the fur appears to be redder and darker throughout.
The fur on the chest and abdomen appears to be longer, and that on the face shorter than in Pt. medius; on the upper surface the legs are clothed as far as the knees, the hairs thinning out towards the knees; on the forearm the fur is thin and flat, as in the Indian species.
The wings appear to arise closer to the spine than in Pt. medius, and the fur clothing the back in this position occupies a narrower space.
Teeth very similar to those of Pt. medius ; but in young specimens the second and third premolars, in both jaws, have a small posterior basal process, which, however, soon becomes worn away. I have not been able to find any other important differences between the teeth of these two species, which agree very closely in the shape and relative measurements of their skulls, as the following Table shows :— Pt. medius.| Pt. edwardsit.
Extreme length .........c.cceeessecenecenscneeesescencees 2° Breadth across zygomatic arches ..........6:0seeeeee 1 From the postorbital foramen to the anterior extremity of the nasal bones ............6--:eeseeeee ees From the postorbital foramen to the occipital crest, From the anteorbital foramento the anterior extremity of the nasals ...............seereseeceeneeen es Length of the bony palate .............--eeteererrteeee Width of ditto...........:cccecceseeecneneecnesnecneeneeees Space occupied by the last four upper molars...... me ho or Ov9r BOO:
See mT FTI TS OO.
ue SAwd aw avy nA
54 PTEROPODID%.
(For general measurements see p. 55.)
Hab. Seychelle Islands, Comoro Islands, Madagascar. a d imm.,al. Seychelle Islands. Dr. E. P. Wright [C.]. b. Pimm. sk. Mohilla Island (Comoros). Dr. Kirk [C.]. ec. sk. Johanna Island (Comoros). Dr. Livingstone [P.]. d. 9 ad. sk. Johanna Island. John Barrow, Esq. [P.]. e. fo ad. sk. Johanna Island. Purchased.
F-k. imm. et Johanna Island. Purchased.
ad. sks 1. ad. sk. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.
m,n. ad.sks. Madagascar. Purchased.
o,p. & ad. sks.
g. skeleton. Madagascar. Purchased.
r. skull of 7.
s. skull. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.
t. skull. Mohilla Island (Comoros). Dr. Kirk [C.]. 29. Pteropus nicobaricus.
Pteropus nicobaricus, Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Wien. Akad. 1860, p. 389 (not described); Zelebor, Reise der Oster. Freg. Novara, Sidugeth. 1868, p. 11; Dodson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1878, p. 198, pl. xiv. fig. 2 (ear); Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 17, fig. (head) (1876), Pteropus melanotus, Blyth, Catal. Mammal. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 20 (1863) (not described).
Pteropus condorensis, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 393. About the size of Pt. medius, which it also resembles closely in the form of the head and body, but is at once distinguished by the much shorter and differently shaped ears. ar-conch rounded off above, the upper third of its outer margin slightly flattened, not concave, the lower two thirds convex; in full-grown individuals the greatest diameter of the opening of the external ear, from the point of junction of the outer and inner margins below to the tip of the ear above, scarcely exceeds one inch.
The distribution of the fur is similar to that of Pt. medius; but the hair on the wing-membrane is very much shorter. In some male specimens the colour of the fur also corresponds to a certain extent with that of Pt. medius; generally, however, the lighter-coloured portions of fur on the nape of the neck, and on the shoulders and chest, are of a deeper hue than in the latter species, usually dark ferruginous red or chestnut; females and young males are commonly intensely black throughout; in some female specimens the position of the light-coloured tippet in the male is indicated by a reddish tinge of the black hair.
The skull differs from that of Pt. medius in being shorter, wider across the maxillary and nasal bones. The distance between the small anterior upper premolars of opposite sides exceeds that in Pt. medius by one tenth of an inch. The foramen ovale is divided in the centre by a process of bone; in Pt. medius it is undivided. A postorbital process of the zygomatic arch is present, though not so well defined as in Pt. medius.
The mandible is shorter and its rami deeper than in Pt. medius: the coronoid process is more developed vertically ; its posterior
2. PTEROPUS. 55 margin is nearly straight, not deeply concave; and its superior angle is narrowly, not broadly, rounded off, as in the latter species. The teeth are stouter in Pt. nicobaricus; but their general characters are the same in both species.
(For measurements see below.)
I have examined the type of Pt. condorensis, Ptrs., which is preserved in the collection of the Paris Museum. The unconsolidated condition of the epiphyses of the finger-bones shows that the specimen is immature; and this explains why the last upper molar lies almost quite behind the root of the zygomatic process, as described by Dr. Peters. The head, neck, chest, and abdomen are dark reddish brown, the back and sides of the abdomen black, the fur of the back with a few greyish or shining hairs. The ears appear rather more rounded off than in specimens of Pt. nicobaricus from the Andamans and Nicobars. On the whole I believe Pt. condorensis can ouly be considered a local variety of this species. Hab. Andaman and Nicobar Islands ; Java; Pulo Condor. a. 9 imm. sk. Ross Island. R.G. Wardlaw-Ramsay, Esq. [P.]. b. ad., al. Nicobar Island. Indian Museum, Calcutta [E.]. The following Table exhibits the relative measurements of the species of Pteropus described in the foregoing six pages :— Pt. edulis. Pt. medius. Pt, edwardsii. Pt. nicobarious, Length, head and body ......... 12:0 9:0 87 90 ap eA. «cc eesveseccsareaeaes 40 31 29 30 ir MOAN ceasecscusecusecessesse : 15 1:25 1:05 » eye to tip of nostril... 13 11 115 ir forearm 66 61* 65 » thumb ... 27 25 28 , third finger 125 11:9 12°5 , fifth finger 85 81 85 » tibia ..... 30 27 3-0 ae) LOOB i ve ytas 23 2:0 20 30. Pteropus livingstonii.
Pteropus livingstonii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p.66; Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 109 (1870).
Pteropus edwardsii, Peters (non Geoffroy), MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 825.
Ears quite different in shape from those of any other known species of Pteropus; upper half of the ear-conch almost quite circular, the outer and inner margins forming part of the same semicircle above (Plate IIT. fig. 5).
Interfemoral membrane narrow behind, concealed by the fur. — Head and upper and lower surface of the body intensely shining black throughout, with the exception of a small tuft of long bright yellow hairs on each shoulder, and a few long yellowish shining hairs among the long fur covering the rump ; beneath, the posterior part of the abdomen with a few intermixed reddish-yellow hairs. * One specimen from Madagascar has the forearm 6:5 inches,
56 PTEROPODIDA, The fur is altogether much longer and more woolly on the head, neck, and shoulders, and inferior surface of the body than in Pt. edwardsii. and across the back occupies a space nearly three inches wide, leaving the anterior extremities nearly naked; but the thighs are well covered, and a few hairs extend upon the tibia, while the interfemoral is quite concealed by the long fur in the middle. Teeth as in Pt. edwardsii ; lower incisors distinctly grooved. The single type specimen, a skin in indifferent condition, affords the following measurements only :—Length of ear 1'':2, breadth of ear 0'-8; length of third finger—metacarp. 4'’, 1st ph. 3'"5, 2nd ph. 5'-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 4", 1st ph. 2'"3, 2nd ph. 23. On the whole this species appears to correspond closely in size with Pt. edwardsii, from which the shape of the ears and the quality, colour, and distribution of the fur at once distinguish it. Hab. Johanna Island, Comoro group.
a, ad, sk. (type). Johanna Island. Dr. Livingstone [P. ]. 31. Pteropus alecto.
Pteropus alecto, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 75 (1885-41) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 329.
Pteropus aterrimus, Temminck, Coup d’eil Gén. sur les Poss. Néerland. 1, p. 333.
Pteropus chrysauchen, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1862, p. 576. Pteropus mysolensis, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Frui-eating Bats, p. 105 (1870).
Ears shorter than the muzzle, conical, obtusely pointed, the outer margin of the conch flatly emarginate in upper third. Interfemoral membrane narrow in the centre, but the posterior margin is visible through the fur; wings from the sides of the back, about one and a half inch apart across the loins. Face dark reddish, the crown of the head with numerous grey hairs; nape of the neck and shoulders bright yellow, back like crown of head; beneath, the reddish collar is continued round the neck intermixed with black and yellowish-grey hairs; chin and throat like head; breast and abdomen dark brown, almost black, with some solitary grey hairs.
The fur scarcely extends upon the membranes or extremities above ; beneath, the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur is covered with dark brown woolly hair.
Teeth as in Pé. medius, but much larger in all dimensions; lower incisors grooved, the inner incisors about half the size of the outer ones, and separated in the centre; first upper premolar deciduous. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 9'°5, ear 1'-05, eye from tip of nostril 1'°3, forearm 7’, thumb 2''8, second finger 5'"4; third finger—metacarp. 4'''8, lst ph. 3-6, 2nd ph. 6”; fifth finger— metacarp. 4'°9, lst ph. 2'°2, 2nd ph. 2'-2; tibia 3’, calcaneum 0"-9, foot 2'-2, Hab. Celebes, Ternate, Gebeh, Morty, Batchian, Mysol, Ceram, Pinou Island (Macluer Bay, N. Guinea).
2. PTEROPUS. 57 _ This species resembles Pt. nicobaricus in the colour of the fur and in size, but the differently shaped ears and much larger premolars and molars at once distinguish it.
a. 9 imm. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.}]. 6. S nearly ad. sk. Batchian Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. fet c,d. § & 9 imm.sk. _— Batchian Island. Purchased, e. o ad. sk. Batchian Island. Purchased.
f 2 imm. sk, Mysol Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. (Type of Pteropus mysolensis, Gray.)
g- 3 imm. sk. Ceram. A. R, Wallace, Esq. [C.].
32. Pteropus hypomelanus.
Pteropus hypomelanus, Zemminck, Esquiss. Zoolog. sur la céte de Guiné, p. 61 (1853); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 599 (1857); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 330.
Pteropus tricolor, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 108 (1870).
Ears about as long as the muzzle, obtusely pointed, rather broad, in some specimens triangularly rounded off above; the inner and outer sides of the basal half of the concave surface of the conch with a tuft of rather long hairs; interfemoral membrane short, about 0'3 deep in the centre, concealed: by the fur behind; wings nearly one inch apart at their origin from the sides of the back. The colour of the fur appears to vary considerably. In an apparently adult female the face and crown of the head are silvery grey, with some intermixed dark hairs ; sides of the face and under surface of the muzzle reddish brown and grey mixed ; back of the head, neck above and beneath, and shoulders yellowish; chest and abdomen yellowish buff, sides of the body beneath the wings reddish brown. Fur of the back very short, black-brown, with shining extremities, slightly reddish brown on rump. This is the general colour of specimens from Ternate.
A younger individual from Banda has the head and neck brownish yellow, the head darker than the neck and with a greyish tinge, shoulders passing into yellowish buff; back greyish brown; chest and abdomen yellowish brown, paler in front and behind; fur extending upon half the inner sides of the tibie. A nearly adult male from Dinagat Island, 8.E. Philippines, in the collection, has the face yellowish brown, with intermixed black hairs; the crown of the head bright yellowish buff; the collar ferruginous red; the shoulders as the crown of the head; the throat black, the breast and abdomen as the shoulders ; the sides of the body and thighs dark brown, back similar, paler behind ; hairs of the back rather long, scarcely appressed ; the greater part of the interfemoral clothed with long fur, which extends upon the inside of the tibie halfway to the ankles.
In most specimens the forearms and legs are almost naked, and the wing-membrane beneath is clothed with rather short fur between +he humerus and femur and along the forearm.
58 PTEROPODID.E.
Skull and dentition very similar to that of Pt. medius (which this species also resembles in the general colour of the fur), but the back teeth are larger. Upper incisors well developed, close together, and equal; in one specimen (in the Leyden Museum) the outer upper incisors on each side are broader and shorter than the inner incisors and bifid; inner lower incisors separated by a narrow space, about one third the size of the outer incisors; no trace of the first upper premolar; last molar about equal to the last lower molar, which again is nearly equal to the first lower premolar, which occupies the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar ; the antepenultimate upper molar is narrow, but considerably exceeds in antero-posterior diameter the preceding molar ; the last upper molar has an almost circular crown, and is placed towards the inner side of the tooth-row.
Postorbital process very long, nearly meeting the well-developed corresponding process from the zygoma.
Length (of the type specimen), forearm 4'"7, thumb 2"*], second finger 3'-4; third finger—metacarp. 3':2, 1st ph. 2’°35, 2nd ph. 3'-45 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 3-1, 1st ph. 1'°35, 2nd ph. 1'"25; tibia 2", foot 1-7.
Length (of an adult 9 from Philippine Islands), head and body 7''-5, head 26, ear 0'"95, eye from tip of nostril 1’, forearm 5'"-4, thumb 2", second finger 3''"7 ; third finger—metacarp. 3''4, 1st ph. 2''-6, 2nd ph. 4'"1; fifth finger—metacarp. 3''-7, Ist ph. 1°55, 2nd ph. 1°65; tibia 2'°15, foot 1'8.
Hab. Borneo *, Philippine Islands, Sangir Island, North Celebes, Ternate, Banda, New Guinea.
This species resembles Pt. medius in the colour of the fur probably more closely than any other species except Pt. edwardsii from Madagascar, but is at once distinguished by the differently shaped and much shorter ears and by its conspicuously smaller size. The premolar and molar teeth are much broader and altogether larger, and the last upper molar is placed towards the inner side of the tooth-row.
a-c. 9 juv.etim.& Dinagut Island, S.E. Mr. Everett [C.]. 6 ad., al. Philippines.
d. © ad., al. Philippine Islands. Zool. Soe. Coll. e. § ad., al. Philippine Is. (Luzon). Dr. Meyer [C.]. tig. & ad. sks. Sangir Island. Purchased.
A, ad., al. North Celebes. Dr. A. B, Meyer [C.]. % 9 imm. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. toy, (Type of Pteropus tricolor, Gray.)
ew Guinea (south of Dr. P. Comrie [C.].
Huon Gulf).
33. Pteropus tuberculatus.
Pteropus tuberculatus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 893. Ears shorter than the muzzle, their basal half externally clothed * Vide Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 626.
2. PTEROPUS. 59 with hairs ; interfemoral membrane narrow, concealed in the middle by the fur.
General colour of the fur reddish brown; muzzle and head pale yellowish brown ; back reddish brown with paler extremities. Distribution of the fur as in Pt. macklotit.
The incisors and the first lower premolar are much larger than in Pt. macklotii, and the first upper premolar is not deciduous ; the last upper molar is also much smaller, the antepenultimate molar perceptibly narrower, and the second and third upper premolars have each a posterior and external basal cusp.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body 6!-5, head 2!'-2, eye from nose 0!-8, ear 0!-68 x 0"-48, forearm 4-8, thumb 1/9; third finger—metacarp. 3'-2, lst ph. 2!"5; Qnd ph. 4"; fifth finger —metacarp. 3!-5, 1st ph. 1-5, 2nd ph. 1/6; tibia 1-9, caleaneum 05, foot 1-7, Hab. 2 Type in the collection of the Paris Museum.
The above is taken from the original description of the species by Dr. Peters, as I have not yet seen the type, having unfortunately overlooked it on each of my visits to the Paris Museum. 34. Pteropus fuscus.
Ears much shorter than the muzzle, oval, rounded off above, the upper third of the outer margin flattened ; ear-conch almost naked. Interfemoral membrane very short behind, concealed by the fur. Sides of the face and under surface of the muzzle and throat black or very dark brown ; crown of the head dark reddish brown; neck and shoulders dark reddish or ferruginous brown, but slightly paler than the head ; back dull greyish brown (almost the colour of a dead leaf), contrasting with the deep reddish brown of other parts ; neck beneath, breast, and abdomen dark brown, with some shining hairs ; a darker-coloured patch of fur beneath the origin of the antehumeral membrane on each side.
Fur rather short throughout, the fur of the neck slightly longer than that of the breast and abdomen ; on the back short, appressed ; above, the forearm and tibie are naked; beneath, the wing-membrane between the humerus and femur is thinly covered, and a band of fur extends outwards behind the forearm.
Teeth generally similar to those of Pt. hypomelanus, but larger, and the posterior upper molar is quite differently shaped, being oblong, its longitudinal greatly exceeding its transverse diameter, and is placed obliquely in the tooth-row, its posterior margin directed inwards and backwards ; inner lower incisors separated by a narrow space, half the size of the outer incisors; first upper premolar deciduous; first lower premolar in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar, and larger than the last lower molar.
Length, head and body about 8", ear 0'-8, eye from nostril 1", length of lower tooth-row 1-3, forearm 5-7, thumb 2!-4; third
60 PTEROPODID2.
finger—metacarp. 3'°8, lst ph. 2-9, 2nd ph. 4"; fifth finger— metacarp. 3!-9, Ist ph. 1/8, 2nd ph. 1°85; tibia 2-5, foot 2. Hab. Celebes.
a. fo ad. sk. (type). Celebes. Purchased.
35. Pteropus gouldii.
pions funereus, Gould (non Zemminck), Mammals of Australa, iii. pl. 80.
Pieronus gouldii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 703. Ears long, narrow, and pointed, as in Pt. edulis; interfemoral membrane very short behind, and concealed by the fur in the middle.
Fur intensely black, intermixed with a few greyish or yellowish hairs above and beneath ; the back of the head and neck alone dark ferruginous brown. Some adult males have the neck almost bright yellow; young males like females.
The humerus and fleshy part of the forearm are covered with very short thinly spread fur; the fur occupies a space 3 inches wide across the middle of the back, and the thighs are covered above and beneath ; the wing-membrane, as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, is covered with long black fur, which also extends in a line behind the forearm to the carpus.
The last upper and lower molars smaller than in Pe. edulis ; teeth otherwise similar to those of that species.
Length, head and body 9", ear 1°35, forearm 6":6, thumb 25, second finger 46 ; third finger—metacarp. 4'"4, 1st ph. 3'"3, 2nd ph. 5"; fifth finger—metacarp. 4-7, Ist ph. 2-1, 2nd ph. 2’; tibia 3'°2, foot 2’ 1.
Hab. Australia (Cape York, Bet Island, Quail Island, Howick’s group, Gould Island, Percy Island).
This species resembles the dark-coloured varieties of Pt. edulis, but may be at once distinguished by its much smaller size, and especially by the narrowness of the interfemoral membrane in the middle, where its posterior margin is quite concealed by the fur, also by the the thighs being covered above and beneath.
Mr. Pierson Ramsay, who has lately had an opportunity of examining several well-preserved specimens of this species, remarks * that ‘‘the males, as in this sex in Pt. conspicillatus, have the hair on the nape stiff and unctuous; the females have not this peculiarity, and the nape-band, instead of being stiff, compressed, and of a greasy feeling, is soft and rather spreading; it varies from deep yellowish red to very deep blackish tan-red.
“This species was observed in countless numbers towards dusk flying from the mainland (Cape York) to islands in the straits, and in the early part of the morning, at break of day, they returned on their way to the scrubs. During the month of August many of * Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1877, pt. ii. p. 8.