22. CH@RONYCTERIs. 509 canine and separated from the second by a space, and it has no anterior basal projection *.
The following Table exhibits the measurements (I.) of the type (a dried skin), and (II.) those of an immature specimen (preserved in alcohol) in which the permanent teeth have partially replaced the milk dentition. The comparative measurements show that the type specimen is not full-grown :— I. II.
Length, head and body (about) .........cccceecseseneeereeueeeeeeee 24 2:3 me interfemoral membrane in the middle ...............068 wee 0°15 aieMeade:2uessenceeascuvecscariendssevseaheawancasanetonnaaecieae‘1:05 a GAL caceseicenacseoneetisnaceunsanas sada cuacaecene-ecsuesaassea ce ; 06 an SEPAGUS>..
Sroceesnsaagasadeesedcsdeasdehocwsd qcssdeaabunesscoeen ey :
0:22 sie,“AOVEANID.<1eetesaeteeancceceeecoscsdcevnsvedueedesnesgealaaeneee:17 * tin bei sien re ace Sie at OIE Ue Mena 0:35 5 third finger, metacarpal..... oF 16 or rs Ist phalanx 06 ” ” 2nd ” 0-9 Ge 3rd __s,, 06 3 fourth finger, metacarpal ............cccsecseeesseeteeeee 15 15 ‘i a Ist phalanx... 01.c20sssn asso seseecivesoee 0-4 0°45 +” 2nd PTI TITETIITIST ERTS eee 0-6 0°55 ee fifth finger, metacarpal ss scsicscessarceesesaisss csv cavers 1:30 1:25 3 ‘5 ist:phalanx::.:.2:ti.scsscenesess tesa geseageedes 0°32 0:35 5 as Ande BN ts ene se eka cns sie acsmaat nace rasee 0:5 0-5 45Bibi2srsctiendanedentasshecaesinedadeyecwegeeacuaseweeeeeneenes0°560°55 SyPLOOUSarataccgnocananecncesusteaacuaesuececusbuncoaededeveltees0:450-45 Hab. Mexico; Guatemala; Brazil.
a. imm. ad. sk. (type). Brazil.
6. 2 imm., al. Brazil.
e. 9 imm., al. Choctum. O, Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 22. CHERONYCTERIS.
Cheeronycteris, Lichtenstein, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p.70 (1844) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 354, 1868, p. 366. Muzzle longer than in any of the preceding genera; ears, tongue, and nose-leaf as in Glossonycteris ; tail short but distinct, appearing on the upper surface of the well-developed interfemoral membrane. Dentition. Ine.
Outer upper incisors larger than the inner ones; the lower incisors and the first upper premolar deciduous; molars very narrow, without distinct W-shaped cusps; skull very long, without zygomatic arches (Plate XX VII. figs. 6, 6 a).
Range. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions.
This genus agrees with Glossophaga more closely than with any * Dr. Peters mentions (MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 398) that he found in one specimen, between the first and second lower premolars, a smaller premolar, so that the number of teeth in this species is pm. = m. = May not this small tooth be a persistent milk-tooth ?
510 PHYLLOSTOMIDSE.
other in the large size of the interfemoral membrane, but also differs from it as remarkably in the form of the skull and teeth (see Plate XXVIL figs. 6, 6 a, teeth of Ch. minor).
Synopsis of the Species.
a. Caleaneum shorter than the foot; forearm DETeasclataaratisiasathoiaasannaeemeanewoesageAer1.Ch.mexicana,p.510. b. Calcaneum longer than the foot; forearm EBDcausesArsvaecbateseialecstereicesermeseitecsinnO742.Ch.minor,p.511. 1. Cheronycteris mexicana.
Cheeronycteris mexicana, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 72, pl. iii. fig. 8 (1844) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 366.
Muzzle longer than in any of the preceding species; ears as in Glossonycteris geoffroyit, but less than half the length of the head (Plate XXVII. fig. 5, head and tongue).
Thumb shorter than the foot; wing-membrane extending to the ankles or tarsi; interfemoral membrane well developed, extending almost as far back as a line drawn between the ankles, the posterior margin concave behind; tail about one third the length of the interfemoral ; caleaneum shorter than the foot.
Fur, above, dark brown, the base of the hairs light greyish brown ; beneath, light brown; on both surfaces moderately long and dense, but scarcely extending to the membranes ; the extremities and the interfemoral membrane, above and beneath, naked; the head clothed with short fur, but the extremity of the muzzle around the noseleaf and chin beset with long straight hairs.
Upper incisors very short, the outer incisors slightly larger than the inner ones; lower incisors deciduous; first upper premolar deciduous, the second separated by a wide space from the canine; the second and third premolars narrow, triangular, acutely pointed, equal in vertical extent, without basal cusps; first upper molar very narrow, triangular in cross section at the base (the vertex of the triangle being posterior), the outer cutting side without trace of Wshaped cusps, but with a longer anterior and shorter posterior tubercle ; second upper molar slightly broader at the base, third similar; all the premolars and molars separated by spaces ; first lower premolar close to the canine and separated from the next tooth by a space equal to half its length, larger than the second or third premolar, nearly as deep in front and behind as in the centre; second and third premolars nearly equal in size, each with a central acute cusp and a smaller basal cusp in front and behind; third premolar as far from the first molar as the first premolar is from the second; molars equidistat and nearly equal in size, the second slightly broader than the other two.
Length, head and body 2'°6, tail 0:25, interfemoral membrane about 0:7, head 1°25, ear 0'°6, tragus 0':25, nose-leaf 0'25, forearm 1”-7, thumb 0°35; third finger—metacarp. 1':6, 1st ph.
STENODERMATA. 511 0'-65, 2nd ph. 0''82, 3rd ph. 05; fourth finger—metacarp. 15, [st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'-55 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°45, 1st ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0'"5 ; tibia 0'-62, foot 0'"42, caleaneum 0°26. Hab. Mexico; Guatemala.
a. 9 ad.,al. Duetas, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. 6. ad. sk., al. Duenias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq.:[C 2. Cheronycteris minor.
Cheeronycteris minor, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1868, p. 366. Considerably smaller than Ch. mexicana, and with shorter ears, which are also less deeply emarginate externally ; the caleaneum is conspicuously longer than the foot. Colour and distribution of the fur as in Ch. mewicana ; dentition also similar (Plate XXVII. figs. 6, 6a).
Length, head and body 2'2, tail 0’-26, head 1", ear 0''-48, tragus 0'-15, nose-leaf 0'°15 x 0'"13, forearm 1-35, thumb 0-28, third finger—metacarp. 1'-35, 1st ph. 0-48, 2nd ph. 07, 8rd ph. 0-45; fourth finger—metacarp. 1':25, Ist ph. 0’°34, 2nd ph. 0'-4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1°15, 1st ph. 0’:3, 2nd ph. 0'"4; tibia 0-45, caleaneum 0'°44, foot 0':32.
Hab, Surinam.
a. skull. Rio Cupazi. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C.].
(Figured in Plate XX VII. figs. 6, 6a.)
Group 3. STENODERMATA.
Stenodermata, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 257. Muzzle very short and generally broad in front, the distance between the eyes nearly always exceeding, rarely equal to, the distance from the eyes to the extremity of the muzzle; nose-leaf generally short, horseshoe-shaped in front and lanceolate behind (except in Brachyphylla and Centurio), the horizontal portion surrounding the nasal apertures; interfemoral membrane always concave behind ; tail none ; inner margin of the lips fringed with conical papille. Dentition. Inc. : or = pm. = m. — or = or . & Premolars and molars very broad (except in Sturnira), the latter with broad concave or flat crowns, margined externally by raised, narrow, notched cutting-edges, without trace of W-shaped cusps (see Plate XXIX.). :
Comparison of the dental formule of this group and of the Vampyri shows that in the Stenodermata the number of the premolars is constant and that of the molars is variable, while the reverse is the case in the Vampyri. In this respect, as well as in the form of their molar teeth, the insectivorous Vampyri agree with other groups of insectivorous Bats; while the frugivorous Stenodermata, in their concave crowned and variable molars, resemble many of the
512 PHYLLOSTOMID.®.
species of the frugivorous Pteropi, otherwise so widely separated from them.
While the variability in the number and size of the premolars in the Vampyri evidently depends on the length of the jaws beyond the orbits, in the Stenodermata the corresponding portion of the jaws having become shortened to the utmost limit apparently, the number of the premolars is permanently reduced to = (therefore, probably, the typical number in Chiroptera), and the variability in the number and size of the true molars appears to be due to the backward pressure of the teeth in front of the posterior molars in both jaws, which prevents their growth or causes them to fall out. Although the Stenodermata are generally easily distinguished from the Vampyri by the peculiar shortness and breadth of the muzzle and by the form of the molar teeth, certain species of the latter group closely resemble those of the former in external appearance, agreeing almost absolutely in the form of the nose-leaf, of the ears and tragus, and of the warts on the chin. These resemblances show that, while the form of the teeth and jaws has become modified to suit the food of the animals, the external characters, being but slightly affected by this cause, have remained much the same, and now indicate their common origin.
The observations of Mr. P. H. Gosse and Mr. W. Osburn in Jamaica, tend to show that the food of these Bats is, either wholly or in great part, treé-fruit (see remarks on habits of Artibeus and Stenoderma at pp. 514, 528).
Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Nostrils opening on the surface of a welldefined nose-leaf.
a. Muzzle broad and very obtuse in front. a', Crowns of the molar teeth very broad, their transverse exceeding their longitudinal diameter in cross section. a", Facial portion of the skull flat and broad, not elevated in front.
a'". Nasal opening in the skull small, not prolonged backwards; the second molar in both jaws smaller than the first.
a‘, Bony palate extending backwards in the centre behind the last molars.
a. Upper middle incisors broadand straight; third upper molar rudimentary or absent; molars very broad....-....... 23, ARTIBEUS, p. 514, 8. Upper middle incisors conical and oblique; third upper molar small but distinct; molars narrower than in Artibeus ,. 24. Vampyrops, p. 522,
STENODERMATA. 513 5‘. Bony palate not extending baciwards, deeply emarginate in the centre between the molars. aa, Crown of the head slightly elevated above the faceline.
y. Upper middle incisors straight, broad, or conical; molars as in A? [p. 526. ROCUS ic eresiten ewie- a He 25, STENODERMA, — 88. Crown of the head greatly elevated above the very broad and short muzzle. 5. Upper middle incisors straight, conical; molars as in Stenoderma, but narrower ...... 26. AmeTRipA, p. 530. -~ 6’, Nasal opening in the skull prolonged backwards by a longitudinal fissurein the centre between the orbits; the second molars in both jaws larger than the first. «. Upper middle incisors as in ampyrops; skull narrower [p. 581. Tn fronts iewswtaass okie ... 27, CHIRODERMA, 6". Facial portion of the skull greatly elevated in front.
¢. Upper incisors straight, conical ; second (last) molar in both jaws very small............ 28, PyaopERma, p. 536. — &. Muzzle conical.
5’. Crowns of the anterior molar teeth rather narrow and longitudinally grooved, their longitudinal equalling their transverse diameter.
7. Nose-leaf well developed, as in Artibeus; interfemoral membrane very narrow, margining e the lege eo sictechsle tener 29. Sturnima, p. 538. —~ ce’. Crown of the molar teeth broad, their transverse exceeding their longitudinal diameter.
6. Nose-leaf very short behind ; [p. 540. | interfemoral membrane large 30. BRACHYPHYLLA, ~ B. No distinct nose-leaf; nostrils opening in a concavity at the extremity of ihe muzzle. a, Muzzle short and very broad in front. « Face with naked elevated cutaneous ridges; throat with transverse bands; teeth as in Stenoderma wivivvccevvvee 31, Cenrurio, p. 542.
514 PHYLLOSTOMID-.
23. ARTIBEUS., Artibeus, Leach, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 75 (1822) ;. Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 356.
Madatzeus, Leach, l. ce. p. 81.
Aretibeus, Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 487 (1889). Pteroderma, Gervais, Expéd. du Comte de Castelnau, Zoologie, p. 34 1855).
Eeskeee Saussure (in part), Rev. e¢ Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 429. Muzzle very short, broad in front; general form of the ears, noseleaf, and tragus as in Phyllostoma, the posterior erect leaf with a very prominent longitudinal ridge ; eyes large; head slightly raised above the face-line ; lower lip with a central wart in front and a smaller one on either side, the whole margined laterally and beneath by a row of much smaller warts; inner margin of the lips fringed with small conical papille ; wing-membrane extending to the feet ; tail none; interfemoral membrane emarginate behind; calcaneum short, distinct.
Dentition. Inc. 4 eC. = pm. —, m. ang or ame ores Upper middle incisors moderate, each with a single broad vertically directed cusp, notched on its cutting-edge; outer incisors very small, with oblique cusps; molars very broad, with concave crowns and small marginal cusps externally and internally, the third molar in both jaws very small or absent ; bony palate produced backwards as far as a line corresponding to the middle of the zygomatic arches. Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region.
Representatives of this genus are found throughout the Neotropical Region wherever tree-fruit is abundant, of which their food principally, if not altogether, consists. On the floors of caves in Jamaica inhabited by A. perspicillatus Mr. Osburn found fragments of bread-nut (Brosimum), of red berries (Cordia collococea), of the rose-apple (Hugenia jambos), and of unripe mangoes. As might be supposed from the large size and nakedness of the eyes in the species of this genus, they are rather crepuscular than nocturnal in their habits, and often choose for their habitations places considerably exposed to daylight. Mr. Osburn has noticed that A. perspicillatus particularly haunts the entrance of caves or caves of small depth; and he found them in great numbers in Aquatta Vale, Jamaica, clustering under the fronds of the cocoa-nut palm. The writer, also, found a colony of the closely-allied species, 4. planirostris, roosting under the slightly projecting eaves of a house in Demerara, where they were exposed to the full glare of the setting sun.
The species of Artibeus have been divided into three subgenera, according to the presence or absence of the minute last upper or lower molars ; but, as I find that the presence of these small last molars, certainly of the last upper molars, is variable even in the same species, it is evident that this character can scarcely be considered of much importance. :
2— 38—3 3
23, ARTIBEUS. 515 Synopsis of the Species.
I. Molars = aTavyinele uratteusedie anesecaeros (Subg. UrnopErma, Ptrs.) a. Front edge of the nose-leaf free, well developed.
a’, Sides of the horseshoe straight, not lobed.
a", Head with or without ill-defined whitish streaks; forearm 2'"7.. 1. A. planirostris, p. 515. &'. Sides of the horseshoe with rounded lobes.
b". Head with four distinct white streaks; back with a white line along the spine; forearm DGre nnn in ibaeaate ke vives 2. A, bilobatus, p. 518. II. Molars = Seis saat coh eel Mena os (Subg. Antibeus, Ptrs.} a. Front edge of the nose-leaf bound down to the muzzle.
a’. Head with more or less distinct white streaks; forearm 2''25 to DOA aroie lal civartee. cers tehes Mtoe es 3. A. perspicillatus, p. 519. OI. Molars 23 Roches re Ne ere enone ne (Subg. DerMANvRA, Gerv.) a. Interfemoral membrane extending as far back in the centre as a line corresponding to the kmees; head without white streaks; forearm 16 .. 4. 4. cinereus, p. 520. 4. Interfemoral membrane extending as far back in the centre as a line corresponding to the centre of the tibia ; head with four white streaks; fore- ATMO 18 Shara welt alert eee ee 5. A. quadrivittatus, p. 521. 1. Artibeus planirostris.
Phyllostoma planirostre *, Spix, Simiar. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 66, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1 (1828).
? Phyllostoma obscurum, Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. Bd. ii. p. 203 1826).
Pee ae a, Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, p. 45 (1854) (exel. syn.).
Artibeus fallax, Peters, IB. Akad. Berl. 1865 p. 355. Crown of the head slightly raised above the face-line; muzzle thick, obtuse, rounded off broadly in front, the distance between the eyes considerably exceeds the distance between the eye and the end of the muzzle; ears shorter than the head, much longer than broad, * Dr. Peters considers (MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 587) that the species described under this name by Spix is identical with A. perspzcillatus, as, on examination of the type, he found the number of molars to be the same. But Spix’s original description does not apply at all to A. perspicillatus; for the nose-leaf is there described as “inferius lateraliter et antice libere pendens,” whereas in that species it is fastened down to, or even confluent with, the muzzle infront. (See remarks at end of the description of this species.) Bec L
516 PHYLLOSTOMID.©.
rounded at the tips ; inner margin convex from the base upwards, outer faintly convex in upper fourth, then concave, again convex, slightly angularly emarginate opposite the upper third of the tragus and terminating abruptly at a short distance in front of its base; no process from the concave surface of the conch near the tragus as in Phyllostoma hastatum; tragus much thickened in its inner half, the outer margin thin, with a square-edged projection above its base, succeeded by a projecting tooth, shortly uarrowed and acutely pointed above: nose-leaf well developed in front of the nasal apertures; anterior margin free, separated from the muzzle, straight, unnotched ; sides similar, but considerably bent upwards; the vertical leaf thickened, ovate, and shortly acuminate, with a broad raised longitudinal ridge in front: upper and lower lips margined with small warts and fringed internally with long horizontal papille ; front.of the lower lip with three warts arranged in a triangular space, and bounded laterally and beneath by eight or ten small warts (Plate XXX. fig. 1, nose-leaf and chin, natural size). Wing-membrane extending to the metatarsus; interfemoral membrane angularly emarginate behind to a height about level with the middle of the tibia.
Fur short but dense, black with a greyish tinge, ‘the base of the hairs paler or even white. In some specimens the face is marked with two longitudinal faint whitish streaks, one on each side, extending from the posterior margin of the nose-leaf above the eye to the crown of the head. In many specimens even these pale streaks are quite absent. Of several female specimens obtained by me in Demerara one only had the white facial streaks very faintly marked.
The wing-membrane is nearly naked; a few short hairs only appear upon the forearm, and the interfemoral membrane is almost devoid of hair.
Skull broad and short, the distance between the outer margins of the first molars is nearly equal to the length of the palate; the bony palate extends as far backwards as the middle of the slender zygomatic arches; frontal flattened between the slightly developed postorbital processes; two small infraorbital foramina placed one above the other.
Upper middle incisors vertically directed, with broad slightly convex cutting-edges, shortly bifid; outer incisors very short, scarcely equalling the cingulum of the canines in vertical extent, with oblique crowns directed inwards and forwards ; canine without basal cusp; first upper premolar with a very oblique crown, similar to the outer incisor in shape, directed forwards and downwards, with a posterior and external basal cusp; second upper premolar three fourths the canine in vertical extent, and exceeding it in cross section at the base, with two small posterior basal cusps placed one above the other, like the teeth of a saw; these cusps become worn down, and disappear in old individuals; the base of this tooth projects much internally and is concave; the first molar is very broad (its breadth equals double its antero-posterior diameter), with