1. RHINOLOPHUS. 101 wards a vertical, laterally compressed process, which is either connected with the front surface of the posterior nose-leaf or free. Base of the outer side of the ear expanded, forming a large antitragus. Wings very large; metacarpal bone of fourth finger exceeding that of second in length. Basioccipital very narrow between the auditory bulle, in most species linear ; cochlee prominent, deeply grooved externally; foramen rotundum united with sphenoidal fissure.
Bess 2 ia is ms es: Inc. pC = pm. = m. =.
Second lower premolar generally minute and placed outside the tooth-row ; first upper premolar minute, pointed, standing in the tooth-row or lying in the outer angle between the closely approximated canine and second large premolar. Range. Temperate and tropical parts of the eastern hemisphere —from Ireland to Japan, from South Africa to Australia, New Guinea and New Ireland.
In temperate regions the species hibernate in dry and warm hiding-places during the winter, not venturing abroad while any cold remains ; in tropical and subtropical countries they are fond of frequenting hill-ranges; and many of the species are clothed with remarkably long and dense fur.
Synopsis of the Species.
A., Second upper premolar separated from the “canine by a rather wide space, in the centre of which the first small premolar is placed ; second lower premolar small, but distinctly visible, placed in the outer angle between the adjoming premolars, or (rarely) standing in the tooth-row.
a. Central nose-leaf or sella not united with the terminal portion of the nose-leaf, the posterior extremity of the connecting process being received into a concavity in the front surface of the terminal lancetshaped leaf.
1. Antitragus large, separated posteriorly by a deep angular notch; forearm DEBcereteleseredsnpeceuarozatesAioraveearsaRh,celophyllus,p.104. 4. Central nose-leaf or sella united posteriorly by a laterally flattened band (the postereor connecting-process) with the upper and front surface of the base of the terminal nose-leaf.
2’. Horizontal portion of the sella expanded, much wider than the base of its vertical rocess.
b". Sides of the base of the sella folded inwards and backwards.
2. Summit of the vertical process of the sella broadly rounded off or truncated ; forearm 2""9........ Rh. luctus, p. 105,
102 RHINOLOPHIDE.
8. Summit of the vertical process of the sella narrowly rounded off or subacute; forearm 2” .......... ce". Sides of the base of the sella turned upwards, forming acup-shaped cavity above and between the nasal orifices.
4, Antitragus separated posteriorly by a shallow notch; lower lip with a single groove; forearm 2"-25.. 5. Antitragus separated by a deep angular groove ; lower lip with three grooves; forearm 1°85 ........ da": Sides of the base of the sella forming rather long triangular projections. 6. Horseshoe-shapedmembranedivided in front by a longitudinal groove with raised edges; forearm 2’'2.. ce’, Horizontal portion of the sella not expanded, scarcely wider than the base of its vertical process. e. Upper margin of the posterior connecting-process of the sella conjoined with the summit of the vertical process at the same level, not exceeding it posteriorly in height. 7. Vertical process of the sella narrowed abruptly about the middle and rounded off above; lower lip with a single vertical groove ; Ponca Diss nix sceshusetee Biers cra 8. Sides of the vertical process of the sella straight, summit triangular ; lower lip with three grooves; forearm, 27° V ai steve eee Jf". Upper margin of the posterior connecting-process exceeding the summit of the anterior vertical process in height.
Jf". Upper margin of the posterior connecting-process forming a low rounded projection, slightly exceeding the summit of the vertical process of the sella in height. a. Vertical process of the sella broad, as broad as the horizontal portion above the nostrils. 9. Ears longer than the head ; forearm I!:6 og ieee cece 8. Vertical process of the sella narrower than the horizontal portion.
a’. Ears as long as the head. 10, Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf broad, concealing the muzns ; forearm 1'°9, thumb a} Eh. trifoliatus, p. 106. Eh, mitratus, p. 107.
Rh. philippinensis, p. 107. Rh, euryotis, p. 108.
Rh. pearsonii, p. 108.
Rh. rufus, p. 109.
Rh, macrotis, p. 110.
Eh. megaphyllus, p. 110.
]. RHINOLOPHUS. 103 8'. Kars shorter than the head. 12. Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf broad, concealing the muzzle; forearm 2-05, thumb OAD a eaveacas wean e dane’ Rh, andamanensis, p. 118. 11. Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf leaving the sides of the muzzle uncovered ; forearm 2'"-1, thumb 035... .., Rh, affinis, p, 112. gy". Upper margin of the posterior connecting-process forming a more or less acute projection, exceeding considerably the summit of the vertical process of the sella in height.
y- Sides of the vertical process of the sella parallel, summit broadly rounded off.
y'. Antitragus separated posteriorly by a deep angular notch. y'. Terminal process of the posterior nose-leaf short and narrow.
13. Wings from the metatarsi or from base of the toes ; forearm 19 .......... Rh, acuminatus, p. 113. 14. Wings from the ankles; forearm 2" .......... Eh, petersii, p. 114. 15. Wings from the ankles ; forearm 15 .......... Eh. minor, p. 114. 5". Terminal process of the posterior nose-leaf broad, forming an equilateral triangle.
16. Wings from the ankles; forearm 1'"3......... . Rh. garoensis, p. 115. 6’. Antitragus separated posteriorly by a shallow notch. 17. Wings from the tibiz above the ankles; forearm 1'-8.. Rh, euryale, p. 116. Sides of the vertical process of the sella converging upwards. ec’. Antitragus separated poste— riorly by a shallow notch. 18. Wings from the ankles; forearm 18's 63s 665005.6 Rh. blast, p. 117. ¢. Antitragus separated postetiorly by a deep angular notch, 19. Wings from the ankles; d forearm 15.0... cca eee Rh. hipposideros, p. 117. e. Sides of the vertical process of the sella concave.
y'. Antitragus separated posteriorly by a shallow notch. 20. Wings from the ankles or tibie; forearm 1'"7...,.. Rh. landeri, p. 118.
104 RHINOLOPHID.&.
B. Second upper premolar close to the canine, the first small premolar either quite external to the tooth-row or wedged in between the canine and second premolar; second lower premolar very small, generally with difficulty distinguished, always external to the tooth-row *.
n'. Ears not attenuated near their extremities ; first upper premolar wedged in between thecanineand second premolar, or half external.
22. Ears much shorter than the head ; forearm 1"-75 RA. clivosus, p. 120. 23. Ears as long or longer than the head; forearm CO, deksace tats coniatoaera Rh. capensis, p. 121. 6". Ears attenuated near their extremities; first ae premolar quite external to the tooth-row.
24. Ears shorter than the head, obtusely pointed ; horeshoe-shaped noseleaf broad, concealing the muzzle; forearm 2'-2.. Rh. ethiops, p. 122. 21. Ears shorter than the head, very acutely pointed; horseshoe small, not concealing the sides of the muzzle; forearm BQO erecta (ete need Rh. ferrum-equinum, p.119 1. Rhinolophus celophyllus.
Rhinolophus celophyllus, Peters, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 426, pl. xxiv.; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 53 (1876). Ears large, with narrow acute tips projecting outwards; antitragus separated by an angular emargination from the outer margin of the ear; horseshoe well developed; horizontal margins of central nose-leaf triangular, small; erect portion rather short, with parallel sides and rounded summit meeting the connecting vertical process at the same level; this process is thick and long, its posterior portion is not connected with the posterior terminal leaf, but is received into an opening in its front surface; the posterior leaf is shortly triangular in outline, formed of very thick integument, and its surface is marked by a crucial aperture leading into a deep cavity lined with hairs; the lower part of this aperture receives the posterior extremity of the connecting nose-leaf (Plate VII. fig. 1). ‘The surface of the terminal leaf is covered with rather long hairs, its inferior * Although this division occurs here, necessitated by dental characters, the synoptical table is carried on from above, as if it were not present, in order to show the connexion of the species in other respects.
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 105 surface is convex and rests on the forehead, which is naked in this situation. Chin marked with three small vertical grooves. Wings from the ankles or from the tibize a short distance above. Interfemoral membrane narrow, concave or straight behind ; tip of tail projecting.
The second upper premolar is separated from the canines by a space, in the midst of which the small first premolar stands; the second lower premolar is minute and external to the tooth-row. Fur, above white at the base, with brown extremities, beneath pale brownish white.
Length, head and body 2", tail 0':8, ear 0':8, forearm 1'°85, thumb 0:3, third finger 2'"8, fifth finger 2’-2, tibia 0'"85, foot 0'°4, nose-leaf 0'°5 x O"--4.
Hab. Moulmein; Tsagine, Upper Burma.
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
a. ad., al. Tsagine, Upper Burma. Dr. J. Anderson [C. ]. 2. Rhinolophus luctus.
Rhinolophus luctus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 24, pl. xxx. ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 804; Dobson, Monogr. Asiatic Chiroptera, p. 39 (1876).
Rhinolophus luctus, var. rufus, Eydowx et Gervais, Voy. Favor. Zoologie, 2° part. (1839).
Rhinolophus morio, Gray, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 257. Rhinolophus perniger, Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. ne 414, xiii. p. 484; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E. I. Comp. (1851). Aquias luctus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 17; td. 1866, p. 81. This fine species, by far the largest of the genus yet discovered, is distinguished not only by its size but also by the great development and peculiar form of the nasal appendages (Plate VII. fig. 2). The base of the sella is expanded on either side, forming a long lobe, almost equal in size and similar in shape to the vertical process ; this lobe is twisted on its base so as to lie with its upper surface partly on the central process of the sella, partly on the horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf. The horseshoe-shaped horizontal nose-leaf is very large, projecting in front and on either side beyond the upper lip. The posterior nose-leaf is developed in proportion to the other parts, and extends backwards between the ears. The lower lip is divided by a single deep vertical groove. The acutely pointed ears are enormous, even in proportion to the size of the animal, and the leaf-like antitragus is separated from the outer margin of the ear by a very deep angular incision.
The GY enemas is greatly developed, and attached to the base of the outer toe; the interfemoral membrane is large, triangular behind, and the tail is wholly contained within it. The fur of the body is very long and dense, usually of a jet-black colour, with grey tips, which suggested the specific name “ luctus ; a the colour, however, as in other Rhinolopha, varies considerably according to age, Sex, and locality; and specimens have been ob-
106 RHINOLOPHIDE.
tained presenting every shade between reddish brown and intense black.
Length (of an adult ? ), head and body 3”°55, tail 2'"-6, head 145, nose-leaf 1'"3 x 0'°65, ear 165, antitragus 0-7, forearm 2-95, thumb 0-45; third finger—metacarp. 2", lst ph. 1", 2nd ph. 1-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'-25, 1st ph. 06, 2nd ph. 1-05; tibia 15, foot 0'°9.
Hab. India (Western Ghats; Himalaya—Nipal, Masuri, Darjeeling, Sikkim; Khasia Hills); Ceylon; Java; Sumatra; Borneo; Philippine Islands.
This species appears to be restricted to the highlands of the countries inhabited by it. In the Himalaya the late Capt. T. Hutton found it at an elevation of 5500 feet. (For notes on habits of Rh. luctus, see my ‘ Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera,’ pp. 40, 41). a. 9 ad., al. India. E. I. Company [P.].
&. 2 imm.,al. Ceylon.
ce. ad. sk. Malacca.
3. Rhinolophus trifoliatus.
Rhinolophus trifoliatus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 27, pl. 31; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. vy. p. 663; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 41 (1876).
Aquias trifoliata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 17; 1866, p. 81. Very similar to #. ductus in structure and even in the colour and length of the fur; distinguished by its smaller size and by the subacute summit of the anteriorly flattened vertical process of the central nose-leaf, which in R. luctus is truncate (Plate VII. fig. 3). The free edge of the interfemoral membrane is straight; and the tip of the tail abruptly projects.
Length, head and body 23, tail 1'"3, ear 1”, nose-leaf 0'"'75 x 0'-45, forearm 2”, thumb 0'3, third finger 3’°15, fifth finger 2''85, tibia 0'°95, foot 0'°5.
Hab. India (eastern coast), Java, Borneo.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
Rhinolophus luctus and R. trifoliatus were placed by Dr. J. E. Gray in a separate subgenus Aquias—on insufficient grounds however; for the form of the nose-leaf in these species differs only in the greater development of its parts, not in any important structure, from that of most species of this genus. As well might they have been separated on account of the remarkable length of the fur of the body.
On the same principle the subgenus Phyllotis, Gray, was formed for the reception of Rhinolophus philippinensis, Waterhouse (vide aie p- 107), with which #. mitratus, Blyth, should necessarily be placed.
a. & ad., al. North Borneo.
6. ad. sk. N.W. Borneo.
ec fo ad, al. Matang. Purchased.
d. ad. sk. No history.
1. RHINOLOPHUS. 107 4. Rhinolophus mitratus.
Rhinolophus mitratus, Blyth, Journ. Asvat. Soc. Beng. xiii. p. 483, xxii. p. 409; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 42, figs. a, b (1876). Ears large, with a broad well-developed antitragus separated from the outer margin by a shallow angular notch; anterior vertical process of the sella short, rounded off above, the posterior connectingprocess supporting its base only ; horizontal hase of the sella between the nostrils much expanded, the expanded sides turned upwards forming a deep cup-shaped cavity; terminal nose-leaf triangular, acutely pointed, extending backwards between the ears. Lower lip with a single groove.
Fur above brown, paler at the base; beneath a lighter shade of the same colour.
Length, head and body 2'4, tail 1:6, ear (anteriorly) 1”, forearm 2-25, third finger 3’'-4, fifth finger 2’-8, tibia 1”, foot 0'°5. Hab. Peninsula of India (Chaibésa).
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. This species resembles the next very closely in the form of the central nose-leaf, but it may be readily distinguished by the much shorter and broader terminal portion of the nose-leaf, by the form of the outer margin of the ear, by the single groove in the lower lip, and also by its greater size. :
5. Rhinolophus philippinensis.
Rhinolophus philippinensis, Waterhouse, P. Z.S. 1848, p. 68; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 805; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 48 (1876).
Phyllotis philippensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81. Ears large, subacute, the upper third of the outer margin slightly concave; antitragus large and deep; horizontal horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf broad, concealing the muzzle; base of the central leaf expanded, with turned-up edges, forming a deep cup between and above the nostrils; vertical process of the central leaf broad, not diminishing in width upwards, truncate above ; posterior vertical connecting-process convex on upper margin, not so high as the summit of the central leaf; posterior nose-leaf long, narrow, and acute (Plate WIT. figs. 4,4). Lower lip with three grooves. — Wings to the ankles. Interfemoral membranes square behind, extreme tip of tail alone projecting.
Fur above and beneath dark brown, slightly paler beneath. Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol, the type), head and body 1-95, tail 1”-1, ear 1", antitragus 0'°5 x 0'"3, forearm 1-85, thumb 0°32, third finger 2-7, fifth finger 2'"1, tibia 0°85, foot 0'°35.
Hab. Philippine Islands.
a. & ad., al. (type). Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll.
108 RHINOLOPHID.E.
6. Rhinolophus euryotis.
Rhinolophus euryotis, Temminck, Monogr. Manual. ii. p. 26, pl. 29. fie. 5, pl. 32. figs. 13,14, 15; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1871, p. 305. Ears large, very similar to those of Rh. affinis, but less acute, and the outer margin more deeply concave immediately beneath the tip; nose-leaf broad, the horizontal leaf concealing the muzzle, and even projecting slightly beyond it, divided in front by a longitudinal groove with raised edges, which is bounded behind and separated from the commencement of the horizontal base of the sella by a short erect projection (Plate VI. fig. 1a); base of the sella with a triangular lappet on either side concealing the nostrils, the erect process expanded above, with strongly convex sides and rounded summit, scarcely exceeded in height by the rounded upper margin of the connecting-process ; terminal leaf acute, but its extremity not attenuated. Lower lip with three grooves.
Tail very short ; interfemoral membrane square or concave behind; last rudimentary caudal vertebra projecting. Wings from the lower end of the tibia near the ankles ; feet very long (Plate VI. fig, 1)*.
Fur light brown above, buffy brown beneath.
First upper premolar in the outer side of the space between the canine and second premolar ; lower incisors trifid, not crowded. Length, head and body 2”:4, tail 07, ear 0'°9, forearm 2'2, thumb 0'°35; third finger—metacarp. 1:55, 1st ph. 0°65, 2nd ph. 1-1; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°6, 1st ph. 05, 2nd ph. 0'°6; calcaneum 1", foot 0'°5.
Hab. Amboina; Aru Islands.
a, ad. sk., in al. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
b. ad. sk. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.).
7. Rhinolophus pearsonii.
Rhinolophus pearsonii, Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. Mus. E.I. Comp. E769" p. 33; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 43, figs. a, b ae larvatus, A. Milne-Edwards, Mammif. du Tibet, pp. 248, 249, pl. xxxvii. fig. i., xxxvii®. fig. i. (1872). Rhinolophus yunanensis, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 336. Ears large, acutely pointed: outer margin deeply hollowed out beneath the tip; antitragus long, separated from the outer margin of the ear by an acute angular notch. Nose-leaf large; horseshoe broad, projecting laterally and in front beyond the upper lip so as to completely concea] the muzzle when viewed from above ; base of the sella between the nostrils moderately broad, the vertical portion maintaining the same width for half its height, then abruptly narrowing and rounded off above, meeting at the same level (as in Rh. * T have had the figure of this species drawn full size, with nose-leaf enlarged, as the figure given by Temminck is very imperfect, and a thorough knowledge of its characters is necessary in order to understand the synoptical table at p. 102. anted.