1. CHILONYCTERIS, 453 thumb 0’:3; third finger—metacarp. 2", 1st ph. 0'"4, 2nd ph. 0’°7, 3rd ph. 0:8; fourth finger—metacarp. 2", 1st ph. 0'-42, 2nd ph. 0"-6; fifth finger—metacarp. 1-9, 1st ph. 0'-45, 2nd ph. 0'°6; tibia 0'°8, foot 0'45.
Hab. Guatemala; Costa Rica; Columbia; Brazil. This is the largest specics of the genus.
a. ad. sk. Cuidad Vieja, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. & 3 ad, al. Dueias, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C. ]. c. 2 ad, al. Columbia. Purchased.
6. Chilonycteris davyi.
Pteronotus davyi, Gray, Dlag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 500 (1838) ; Voyage of the ‘ Sulphur Mammalia, p. 24 (1844) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1872, p. 361.
Chilonycteris gymnonotus, Wagner, Wieym. Archiv, 1843, p. 367; Abhandl. Minch. Akad. v. p. 183, pl. iii. fig. 1; Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 680 (1855).
Slightly larger than Ch. macleayi, but at once distinguished from that and from every other known species by the origin of the wings from the spine and by the nakedness of the back behind the shoulders.
General form of the head and ears very similar to those of Ch. macleayi, but the outer side of the ear is marked by an obtuse-, not acute-angled notch, and there are no pointed processes above the nostrils, although on either side an obtuse process arises from the margin of the muzzle in front (Plate XXIII. fig. 4). The horizontal cutaneous expansion projecting forwards from the under surface of the lower jaw extends considerably beyond the reflected margin of the upper lip in front, more so than in other species, but otherwise quite similar in structure. Wings from the middle of the tibic and from the calcanea. Above and beneath dark reddish brown, paler towards the extremities of the hairs.
Teeth as in Ch. macleayi, but the basioccipital between the cochlea is wider.
Length (of the type, an adult ¢), head and body 2”, tail 1”, head 0'°7, ear 0-6, tragus 0'°2, forearm 1-85, thumb 0-25; third finger —metacarp. 1’-65, 1st ph. 0'°35, 2nd ph. 0-6, third ph. 0'°5; fourth finger—metacarp. 1":4, Ist ph. 0°35, 2nd ph. 0'°4; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'°3, 1st ph. 0'°4, 2nd ph. 0'-35;, tibia 0'°7, foot 0'"4.
Hab. Brazilian Subregion (Puerto Caballo, Venezuela; Mato Grosso, Brazil).
Type in the collection of the Museum of the Army Medical Department at Netley.
a, 3 ad., al. Puerto Caballo. Purchased.
b,¢. 3 ad., al. Venezuela. Mr. Dyson [C.}.
454 PHYLLOSTOMIDE.
2. MORMOPS.
Mormoops", Leach, Transact. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 76 (1820-22) ; Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 491 (1888).
Mormops, Peters, Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1856, p. 287. Crown of the head greatly elevated above the face-line; ears close together or united by prolongations from their inner margins on the muzzle in front of the eyes ; tragusin general form like that of Chilonycteris; nostrils at the extremity of the muzzle, directed downwards and forwards, not surrounded or margined by cutaneous appendages; mandible projecting slightly in front beyond the upper jaw ; the chin and sides of the lip with well-developed foliaceous cutaneous processes, continuous behind at the angle of the mouth with the outer margins of the ears.
Dentition. Inc. * C. = pm. =, m. =.
The upper middle incisors larger than the outer incisors, with broad notched cutting-edges ; the lower incisors trifid, in cross section oval, the long axis in the direction of the jaws; second lower premolars smaller than the first, but not minute, in the tooth-row. Facial portion of the skull bent upwards so that the palate is almost at right angles to the base of the cranium; this causes the skull to appear greatly raised above the face-line, though the cerebral cavity is probably not larger than in Chilonycteris.
Range. Tropical parts of the Neotropical Region. This genus is closely connected with Chilonycteris, of which it may be said to possess almost all the characters in an exaggerated form. It contains two species, which, in their peculiar physiognomy, are probably the most remarkable among the many strange forms exhibited by the different species of this Order. Synopsis of the Specees.
a. Cutaneous band connecting the inner side of the ear-conch with the upper surface of the muzzle in front meeting the corresponding band of the opposite side behind the nostrils, but not united with it; chin-leaf deeply divided; fur reddish DEO WI esian Gereaassiecvreviausee owes lone 1. M. megalophylia, p. 455. b. Cutaneous band connecting the inner side of the ear-conch with the muzzle united in front with its fellow of the opposite side; chin-leaf not divided; fur bright OLNGO:eastacecawwrsevincearacermernerantaccdcane2.M.blanvillit,p.456. * Aéllo, previously characterized by Leach, is undoubtedly a synonym of this genus, as the type of Aéllo cuviert shows ; but the definition of the genus is quite incorrect, as the type specimen from which it was taken had lost all trace of the cutaneous processes on the muzzle, and the number of the teeth is incorrectly given. Therefore, although the name dé/o has precedence of Mormoops, I retain the latter, which was published at the same time and has the advantage of correctdefinition.
on 2, MORMOPS. 45 1. Mormops megalophylla.
Mormops blainvillii, Peters (non Leach), Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1856, p- 289, pl. i. figs. 1-5.
Mormops megalophylla, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1864, p. 381. Ears as broad as high, appearing to be placed far down on the side of the head, owing to the great elevation of the crown of the head above the face-line; inner side of the posterior convex surface of the ear-conch connected by a broad band (arising posteriorly from the margin of the conch, and extending from the base of the ear almost to the tip) with the upper surface of the muzzle, along which it is attached, extending as far forwards as a point situated at a short distance from the nostrils, where it ends in a small erect rounded lobe, almost touching though not connected with the corresponding lobe of the opposite ear, appearing in this position like part of a small nose-leaf; on the concave surface of the ear the inner margin of the conch appears to commence by a rounded lobe, as in Vesperugo; the tip of the ear rounded off, not broad, the outer margin straight, the upper half directed downwards and backwards, the lower half almost horizontal, carried forwards to the angle of the mouth, from which a lobe extends along the inferior surface of the lower jaw, becoming connected in front with the foliaccous cutaneous lappets of the lower lip. The eye thus appears, as in Synotus, to be contained within the ear-conch. Tragus expanded above, the inner margin notched above the middle, the outer margin with a corresponding but smaller notch, from the upper and outer part of the front surface a rounded vertical process projects; in front of the base of the tragus, on the horizontal inner surface of the ear-conch, a slightly raised ridge, directed forwards and outwards, the antitragus, appears, and on the side of the face, below the eye and close to the posterior commissure of the eyelids, a wart is placed (Plato XXITI. fig. 5).
The extremity of the muzzle is sharply cut and obliquely and shortly truncated; the nasal apertures circular, separated rather widely, directed forwards and downwards, their upper margins projecting ; between them a narrow vertical ridge, continuous above, with a few small projections on the muzzle on each side above and behind the sharp-edged nostrils; the upper lip is notched opposite the second upper premolar near the angle of the mouth; the lower jaw projects slightly beyond the upper one; from the front surface of the lower lip a cutaneous expansion hangs vertically downwards, whereof the lower margin is divided by a vertical incision into two lappets, and the front surface is covered with small but prominent papille ; these chin-lappets are connected on each side with a deep cutaneous expansion arising from the sides of the lower lip, which also hangs vertically downwards at the angles of the mouth, and in front is folded upwards in the centre of each side, and their posterior surfaces are connected by a single rounded lappet, which hangs down behind the notch between them. Below and parallel to the cutaneous expansion arising from the sides of the lower lip is a
456 PHYLLOSTOMID.
second and rather deeper expansion (described above in connexion with the ear), which extends from the wart terminating the outer margin of the ear-conch at the angle of the mouth to the posterior surface of the anterior chin-lappet (Plate XXIII. fig. 5). Wings from the inferior and inner surface of the distal third of the tibia, from the adjoining interfemoral membrane, and from the calcaneum ; interfemoral membrane very large, extending much beyond the tail, whereof the fourth vertebra perforates the membrane, and three and a half vertebra project upon its upper surface. Tibie very long; feet slender, toes nearly equal in length. Volar membranes very thin and translucent; all the bones of the extremities very slender and fragile.
Fur very fine and dense, extending thinly upon the crown of the head, but forming a long and dense fringe along the sides of the upper lip, and covering the anterior surface of the erect cutaneous processes which are continuous posteriorly with the ear-conch. Above, the fur scarcely extends upon the wing- or interfemoral membranes; beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly covered as far as a line drawn from the distal third of the humerus to the distal third of the femur.
Above and beneath dark reddish brown.
Upper middle incisors much larger than the outer ones, with wide, straight, notched cutting-edges; outer incisors acutely pointed, the cusp of each directed inwards towards the middle incisor; lower incisors equal, trifid, in a semicircular row between and in front of the canines. Upper canines very long and slender, their outer margins slightly concave, as inthe Moloss? ; first upper premolars short, but with a broad base, which occupies the wide space between the canine and second premolar; second upper premolar nearly equalling the lower canine in vertical extent; second lower premolar smaller than the first and third, but well developed and nearly equalling the first upper premolar in vertical extent; all the molars with very acute W-shaped cusps, (For measurements see p. 458,) Hab. Mexican and Brazilian Subregions (Mexico; Central America; Columbia).
a. 3 ad, al. Duefias, Guatemala, O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. b. © ad.,al. Columbia. Purchased.
ec. ad. sk. South America.
2. Mormops blainvillii.
Aéllo cuvieri, Leach, Transact, Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 71 (1820-22) (see note on genus Aélo above).
Mormoops blainvillii, Leach, l.c. p. 77, pl. vii. figs. 1-4. In general appearance like M. megalophylla, but smaller, and easily distinguished by the form of the ears, by the chin processes, and by the colour of the fur.
The summit of the inner margin of the ear-conch is distinctly notched near the cutaneous process connecting it with the muzzle ;
2. MORMOPS. 457 this process, which arises from the posterior margin of the conch, is as high as the summit of the ear, from which an angular notch separates it, and its anterior prolongation extending forwards upon the muzzle is united with its fellow of the opposite side at a short distance behind the extremity of the muzzle, differing remarkably in this respect from M/. megalophylla, in which the anterior prolongations of the inner margins of the ears, though very close together in front, are not united; the tragus terminates above in a triangular instead of in a rounded process, and in front of its base the inner surface of the ear-conch supports a round process quite different from the corresponding longitudinal low ridge in the other species; the wart, also, near the posterior commissure of the eyelids is placed directly behind, not in a plane inferior to the eye (Plate XXIII. fig. 6). The sides of the upper lip have two distinct fleshy processes—one immediately behind the nostril, a conical longitudinal process, the second opposite the first upper premolar, a long slender process standing at right angles to the lip; near the angle of the mouth, opposite the second premolar, the upper lip is notched, as in I. megalophylla, but a much deeper and more projecting lobe is thus cut off which projects directly forwards from the angle of the mouth (Plate XXIII. fig. 6).
The central cutaneous process hanging from the front surface of the lower lip is not divided beneath by a vertical incision ; its lower and upper margins are slightly concave and its sides straight; from the centre of its lower margin two small projections are directed downwards (Plate XXIII. fig. 6).
Wing-membranes and extremities as in the other species. The acute extremities of the calcanea project nearly 0-1 inch beyond the interfemoral membrane.
Fur bright orange throughout; quality and distribution as in M. megalophylla.
The following notes by the late Mr. W. Osburn are derived from an examination of a recently killed specimen :— “Volar membrane semitransparent, and tissue so thin it dried almost before I had finished preparing the specimen; much wrinkled between elbow and hand into angular plice like shagreen. Nerves of interfemoral very beautiful when held against the light; one central in line of tail, giving off at right angles pairs of branches like a pinnate leaf. Fur bright chestnut, above rather paler; very long, silky, and soft. Round the shoulders it is longer, so as to form a narrow frill longer than the rest.”
Mr. Osburn also noticed the “extreme fragility and thinness of its whole structure. The light was visible through the roof of the open mouth. ... The tail was curled upwards so as to carry the interfemoral with it; this was caused by the calcaneum bearing up the interfemoral. Femora long; so that when reposing the knees were above the back, like a grasshopper’s. . . . It easily took wing off a flat surface, and its efforts to escape during the night broke some of the phalangeal bones. . . . It refused flies, but it drinks greedily. The tongue was protruded; but the water taken up by it and the
458 PHYLLOSTOMID.E.
foliations of the lips was sucked in with the head raised, by an action very like chewing” *.
The following are the measurements of adult specimens of JJ. megalophylla (I.) and of M. blainvillii (II.) respectively :— IT.
Length, head and body 2), saithLILAMs,coerearednioanseverocaonesaemeemarctieninenesamiardeatsamteatLl vy-.MOAseeyetew.vancedecieuoessetsuemencndncusaaaonaeaaucesanuenes0-6 se AGAR:
“Aisa ne aielsavrtiesincornsarels derereneletilecicisis on varia uilsarnesteauawenee O55 si SEPA GUS! Aceciss tence celeste ; O25 » forearm 1°75 verPyLIUINIDYcaeistaaentectestaorronsacommekreneeceataeimenttenerkee"D522 js. cthird-finger;metrcarpal ssc uiseendiyeaedccdvenueeeecane 1:85 U7 % = Ist phalanx: (escteseeisetsuossaaveseacooeeeen 0-4 O-+ os * Qnd 57 avgoapentnaceneetetwnaseeseeuenee 0-9 O75 : a OEOT 136. y (ersaresasexescen astm eee no neet 0°65 06 » fourth-finger, metacarpal ....cccucsascesececascoeasessdes 1°75 15 5 a Vetophalanx: “sca wuss ovawevvouttios 05 0-45 - 5 2nd ,, E 0°45 » fifth finger, metacarpal 11 35 ; Ist. phalanx 06 ” ” 2nd ” 0-4 sa PADIB:cicayeewecueerecoeuesayeserhnecwekeadieacsusuauosevereunenens08 ge.D@ALCANEOME<fihczocssetaesedrcdunktbeniacSecmsedeatas,mente0°85 fie AOOE:
canctci salve wshiebiaausnras anlactincosustanunsumessuvasmesesastine.s 03 Hab. Antillean Subregion (Cuba; Jamaica). a, ad. sk. (Type of Aélo cuvieri, Leach.) Mr. Brooke’s Museum. db. ad. sk. Jamaica. Capt. Hamilton [P.]. c. 2 ad, al. Sir E. Belcher.
Subfam. 1. PHYLLOSTOMIN &.
The four groups into which this subfamily has been divided (vide p. 447) corresponds to Prof. Peters’s subfamilies of the same names. So closely, however, for the most part, are the genera of each group allied to one another, that it may be considered doubtful whether these groups should not rather be called genera, and the socalled genera subgenera. This is especially noticeable in the first group, the Vampyri, which includes such apparently widely different forms as Vampyrus spectrum and Phyllostoma hastatum, yet between which so many perfectly intermediate species come that it is necessary either to unite all in one genus or place the intermediate species in intermediate genera. The latter course has been adopted as more convenient, leading to less change in nomenclature, and facilitating the discrimination of the species. Group 1. VAMPYRI.
Muzzle long, and narrow in front; the distance between the eyes generally less than, rarely equal to, the distance from the eye to the extremity of the muzzle; nose-leaf well developed, horseshoe-shaped ~ P.Z.8. 1865, pp. 72, 73, 74.
VAMPYRI. 459 in front, lanceolate behind, the horizontal portion surrounding the nasal apertures ; interfemoral membrane well developed ; tail generally distinct, rarely absent ; inner margin of the lips not fringed. Dentition. Inc. ‘ or > Cc. =, pm. = or em m. — Molars with W-formed cusps generally well developed ; premolars very variable in size and in number (see remarks on teeth of Stenodermata, p. 511).
Nearly all the species of Vampyri appear to be insectivorous, so that the term applied to this group cannot be considered indicative of their habits. A few, if not all, probably supplement their insect diet with fruit. Vumpyrus spectrum is said to be wholly frugivorous ; and Muacrotus waterhousit, according to the observations of Mr. Osburn (see p. 466), probably occasionally preys on small species of Bats like Megaderma lyra of the Eastern Hemisphere, which it resembles in many respects.
The species included in this group may be divided into two sections, according as the tail is produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane or perforates it and appears upon its upper surface. Those included in the first section fall naturally into three apparently very distinct genera; but those of the second section, although they have been divided into several genera, founded on differences in the form of the skull and on the presence or absence of the second lower premolar, yet present in their general conformation so many characters indicative of close affinity that, but for the reasons mentioned above, they would have been described here under the same generic term.
Synopsis of the Genera.
I. Tail contained in and produced to the hinder margin of the interfemoral membrane, or extending slightly beyond it. a, Wing-membrane attached to the base of the calcaneum and to the inferior surface of the tibia.
a’. Nose-leaf with erect processes in front of the nasal orifices ; chin with a naked space above and a longitudinal groove beneath it, bounded by two naked prominences; premolars = second lower premolar minute. 3. LoncHorHINA, p. 401. ’. Wing-membrane from the outer side of the tibia or foot. meee.
2’. Nose-leaf simple in front; chin with a deep V-shaped groove in front, bounded by raised naked prominences; premolars =, second lower premolar well developed .....-.. 4. Macrortus p. 463. c’. Nose-leaf simple in front; lower lip and chin with a central naked space in front, bounded by small warts ; 2-2 mart ne KR Maemoapuvitim vn 46
460 PHYLLOSTOMIDAt.
II. Tail short, perforating the interfemoral membrane and appearing upon its upper surface, or none.
a. Muzzle narrow and elongated, the distance between the eyes less than the length of the muzzle; premolars = a’, Wing-membrane from the backs of thefeet.
a". Nose-leaf well developed anteriorly, free in front and laterally ; chin with a longitudinal groove margined by naked prominences ; wing-membrane extending to the toes; tail very short, or none; skull narrower between the postorbital fossee than immediately behind the canines ; inc. ; or : . 6. Vampynuvs, p. 469. 6". Nose-leaf narrow in front; chin with a central naked space margined by small warts; wingmembrane extending to the tarsal or metatarsal bones of the outer toe; tail distinct; skull narrower between the postorbital fossee than in front behind the canines; inc. ; s Soiecd ese neers teres .. 7. LopHostoma, p. 473, b'. Wing-membrane from the sides of the feet.
ce". Nose-leaf well developed in front, but bound down to the muzzle; chin with a deep V-shaped groove margined by Tied prominences ; wing-membrane from the extremity of the tibiz or sides of the feet; tail distinct; skull wider between the postorbital fossz than in front behind the canines; ine. : Mens Ristemisareno eG wits es 8. ScuizosToma, p. 476. d'. Nose-leaf narrow in front, both it and the extremity of the muzzle with numerous small warts; chin with a long V-shaped groove margined by many small warts; wingmembrane extending to the tarsus; skull narrower between the postorbital fossee than in front behind the canines; ine. +...... 9. TRactyops, p. 481. e". Nose-leaf narrow in front; chin with a V-shaped naled space margined by small warts; wingmembrane extending to the metatarsus; skull much wider between the postorbital fossee than in any 4 part anterior to the orbits; inc. 7. 10, PuyLLoprRMa, p. 482.