2. PTEROPUS. 21 g°. Interfemoral wider, not concealed by the fur behind.
8. Ears longer than the muzzle, attenuated above and acutely pointed. 24, Muzzle and ears shorter ; interfemoral less developed in the [p. 47. centre ; forearm 6""5 ........ Pt. chrysoproctus, 25. Muzzle and ears much longer; interfemoral 1 inch wide in the [p. 48. centre ; forearm 72 ........ Pt. pteronotus, g’. Wings from the sides of the back, which is covered with short appressed fur. AS’, Premolars and molars without anterointernal basal projections, h’, Interfemoral membrane well developed in the centre, not concealed by the fur.
A’, Karsmuch longer thanthe muzzle, attenuated and acutely pointed. a. Face reddish brown. _ 26. Larger: forearm 8-8; chest and abdomen dark reddish brown or black .......... Ft. edulis, p. 49. 27. Smaller: forearm 6'"6; chest and abdomen bright bay or pale yellowish...... Pt, medius, p. 51. 8. Face black.
28. Smaller than Pt. medius ; forearm 6”, wings nearer the spine; premolars with a small [p. 53. posterior basal projection .. Pt. edwards, 7°. Ears scarcely as long as the muzzle, conical, obtusely pointed; forearm 6'"5. [p. 54. SimewsdvtvetoevaearaarataiteareleseiercenaPt.nicobaricus, <7, Interfemoral membrane narrow in the centre, nearly concealed by the long fur.
Jj’. Eyes surrounded by fur not differing in colour from that of the adjacent parts of the face. j°. Ears very broadly rounded off above.
30. Fur deep black, with conspicuous yellow tufts over [p. 56. sioulier esas Sica mtataree Pt. livingstonit, k*®. Ears not longer than the muzzle, conical, more or less pointed.
u. Last upper molar with a nearly circular crown.
a', First upper premolar deciduous; premolars and molars without posterior basal projections.
31. Larger, forearm 7''; breast and abdomen dark brown or black,....... Lt. alecto, p. 56.
22 PTEROPODID&.
82. Smaller, forearm 5'"4 ; breast and abdomen yellowish brown or pale [p. 57. reddish yellow........ Pt. hypomelanus, 8'. First upper premolar persistent; premolars and molars with posterior basal projections.
33. Fur reddish brown ; [p. 58. forearm 4'"8.......... Pt. tuberculatus, 8. Last upper molar narrow, much longer than broad, placed obliquely in the tooth-row.
84, Fur dark brown, back greyish brown; forearm5'"7 Pt. fuscus, p. 59. ?, Ears much longer than the muzzle, attenuated above and acutely pointed.
35. Fur, except on the back of the neck, very dark-coloured, thighs clothed above and beneath; forearm 6"6 ...... Pt. gould, p. 60. k°, Eyes surrounded by more or less conspicuous rings of paler-coloured fur.
36. Ears longer than the muzzle ; [p. 61. POPOAT IL aie ie etre ecristaa wes eens Pt. conspicillatus, 37. Ears shorter than the muzzle; forearm 5°35 wy... eee eee Ft. ocularis, p. 62. #®, The third upper premolar and first molar with more or less distinct antero-internal basal projections. j'. Interfemoral membrane very narrow in the centre, concealed by the fur. a, First upper premolar nearly as large as one of the inner lower incisors.
38. Ears as long as the muzzle; [p. 63. fovearin be 75.6 cease cies apse Pt. keraudrenii, 8. First upper premolar deciduous. 39. Ears much longer than the muzzle, acutely pointed; fur covering the sides of the face long and directed backwards; p. 66. forearm sD! Dian ea via ai anes Pt. macklotia, 40. Ears slightly longer than the muzzle; fur of the sides of the face not peculiar ; forearm 5'"3. Pt. caniceps, p. 68. k". Interfemoral membrane nearly one inch wide in the centre. 41. Ears slightly longer than the muzzle, obtusely pointed, the third upper premolar and first molar with well-developed antero-internal basal projections; forearm 7-2. It. jubatus, p. 68.
2. PTEROPUS. 93 1. Pteropus vulgaris.
Pteropus vulgaris, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 92 (1810) ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 182 (1827), ii. p. 74 (1835-41). Spectrum vulgare, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 100 (1870).
Ears much shorter than the muzzle, almost concealed by the long fur of the head, narrow, acutely pointed, clothed thinly in front and behind by short hairs. Interfemoral membrane narrow, quite concealed by the long fur behind.
Fur everywhere, except on the muzzle, long and woolly, extending upon the sides of the muzzle in front of the eyes, thickly upon the humerus and fleshy part of the forearm, and occupying a space three and a half inches wide across the loins, extending also upon the legs to the ankles, a few hairs covering the backs of the feet, and a band of very short thinly spread hairs about half an inch wide is found along the posterior margin of the wing-membrane from the foot almost as far as the end of the last finger; beneath, the wings are thickly covered with long fur between the humerus and the femur, and a broad band of long fur extends outwards behind the elbow along the forearm.
Face and crown of the head bright yellowish buff; back of the head, neck, and shoulders bright bay or reddish brown, the fur covering the middle of the back between the line of attachment of the wings dark brown, that extending upon the wings and extremities pale buff; under surface of the muzzle and sides of neck yellowish buff or red; neck and anterior part of the chest black or dark reddish brown; breast and abdomen dark reddish brown *, pubis and hair covering the interfemoral membrane ycllowish brown or buff.
Crowns of the lower incisors grooved or notched; first upper premolar minute, deciduous; second and third upper and lower premolars with small posterior and external basal cusps. Length, head and body, about 9”, ear 0'"8, eye from nostril 1", forearm 6!-2,thumb 2"-5, second finger 4'-5; third finger—metiacarp. 4'-], 1st ph. 3-05, 2nd ph. 4-5; fifth finger—metacarp. 4!"2, 1st ph. 2", 2nd ph. 2"; tibia 2/9, foot 1-8.
Hab. Madagascar (Tamatave), Bourbon, and Mauritius. This species is at once distinguished from all other species of Pteropus approaching its size by the remarkably short and very acutely pointed ears, which are clothed on both surfaces. In no other species is the fur covering the sides of the back so peculiarly coloured, and in none (except Pt. macklotii) are the sides of the face clothed with equally long hair.
a, ad. sk. Purchased.
b. f ad. sk. Mauritius. H. Whitely, Esq. [P.].
* A specimen in the Leyden Museum, frora unknown locality, differs from all others in having the terminal third of the hairs of the chest and abdomen shining yellowish buff.
24 PPEROPODIDE.
2. Pteropus rubricollis.
Pteropus rubricollis, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 93 (1810); Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 183 (1827) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 3823.
Muzzle narrow and conical; ears very short, triangular, obtusely pointed, quite concealed by the long fur covering the head; earconch thickly clothed on both surfaces with rather long hairs, which extend to the tip. Interfemoral membrane very narrow, concealed by the long soft fur above and beneath, Fur everywhere very long and dense, and remarkably soft, on the back erect as on the neck, extending outwards thickly upon the humerus and fleshy part of the forearm, and in a narrow line along the distal half of the forearm almost as far as the carpus, also upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the ankle (when the legs are abducted), and upon the legs to the tarsus ; beneath, the wing-membrane is similarly but not so thickly covered, and the fur on the legs extends almost as far as the ankles. Face and head and chin beneath dark brown, the extremities of most of the hairs greyish or shining; a perfect broad collar of light yellowish fur surrounds the neck, reddish yellow on the nape and shoulders, buff or pale yellow beneath ; back dark brown, many of the hairs with shining extremities, as on the face; on the legs with an olive tinge ; lower part of chest and abdomen dark brown, intermixed with a few long shining hairs. In young individuals the collar is not well marked, being generally similar in colour to the fur of the head, but paler than that of the back. Upper incisors rather short, obtusely conical ; lower inner incisors separated, half the size of the outer incisors ; first upper premolar deciduous ; premolars and molars small and narrow, with indistinct internal cusps, and no basal ridges or projections. Length, head and body about 6", head 1-9, ear 0!-45, forearm 3-7, thumb 1!-4, second finger 2"'-8; third finger—metacarp. 2!'-7, Ist ph. 1-9, 2nd ph. 2-7; fifth finger—metacarp. 2'-9, Ist ph. 1-25, 2nd ph. 1-1; tibia 1-5, foot 125.
aie specimen in the collection of the Paris Museum has the forearm Hab. Bourbon, Mauritius. Although associated in these islands with Pt. vulgaris it has not been found in Madagascar, which the latter species also inhabits (see P. Z. S. 1875, p. 63). M. Grandidier mentioned to. the writer that he had never seen Pt. rubricollis during his travels in that island.
This species is at once distinguished by its remarkably short ears, which are densely clothed with long hairs, and wholly concealed by the long fur of the head; also by the extreme softness of the fur covering the body and extending upon the legs.
a, b. ad. sks. Mauritius. TH. Whitely, Esq. [P.]. e. ad. sk. ? Mauritius, J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
d. ad. sk.
e. ad. sk. Leyden Mus.
fig. ad. sks, Purchased.
2, PLEROPUS. 25 3. Pteropus dasymallus.
Pteropus dasymallus, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. i. p. 180, pl. 10 (18: 7); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 323; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 16 (1876).
Spectrum dasymallum, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 101 (1870).
Ears shorter than the muzzle, rising but slightly above the fur of the head, shaped somewhat like those of Cynopterus marginatus (Plate IT]. fig. 2), the upper fourth of the outer margin slightly concave, and of the inner margin convex; basal half of the ear-conch thinly clothed with moderately long hairs; interfemoral membrane very narrow behind, quite concealed in the centre by long fur. Fur long and woolly on all parts except on the face, on the back similar to the rest of the body ; head and face reddish brown; the muzzle darker than the head; nape of neck, shoulders, and part of the back pale buff or yellowish buff, not defined by a straight line, passing rather irregularly into the light brown fur of the back; beneath, a band of unicoloured pale buff fur covers the neck, interrupted in the centre by a few dark brown hairs passing backwards from the chin to the breast; breast and abdomen brown, the extremities of many of the hairs shining yellow.
On the anterior extremities the fur extends densely, covering three fourths of the forearm, and passing outwards upon the wingmembrane almost as far as a line drawn from the distal fourth of the humerus to the knee; the rump and short interfemoral, and the legs to the ankles, are thickly covered with very long hair, while a fringe of fine rather short hairs extends along the margin of the wing-membrane from the ankle almost as far as the extremity of the last finger; beneath the wing-membrane behind the forearm is thickly covered with long hairs, but the lower half of the tibia is naked.
Muzzle rather long and narrow; zygomatic arches not much curved outwards; postorbital process of the frontal rather short and slender, separated from the short ascending process of the zygomatic arch by a wide interval ; upper incisors nearly equal, well developed ; lower outer incisors about double the size of the inner incisors, which are slightly separated from each other; first upper premolar deciduous, canine and second premolar separated by a rather wide space ; lower premolars with basal ridges; last upper molar broadly oval, larger than the last lower molar, which again exceeds the first lower premolar. .
Length, forearm 5'-4, thumb 2'"7, first finger 4"; third finger— metacarp. 3'"55 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 3'"6, Ist ph. 2-3, 2nd ph. 2-2 fifth finger—metacarp. 3!-8, Ist ph. 1-8, 2nd ph. 18; foot 18, Hab. Japan (Kiousiou Island).
Japan. Purchased.
; ce be Sir E, Belcher [C.].
c. skull of a.
26 PTEROPODIDA.
4. Pteropus formosus.
Pteropus formosus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 198, pl. xxii. (not described).
Ears scarcely longer than the fur, naked; muzzle as in Pt. dasymallus ; interfemoral short, concealed by the fur. Fur dark brown above and beneath, the extremities of many hairs grey; neck in adult male bright yellow or white, with a slightly yellowish tinge, very distinct from the surrounding dark-coloured fur ; the collar divided beneath by a narrow but well-defined band of black hairs extending backwards from the throat to the breast; in the female the collar is marked only by the fur being somewhat paler in colour round the neck. Fur everywhere (except on the muzzle) long and soft, extending upon the forearms and upon the tibie to the ankles, though not so densely as in Pt. dasymallus; beneath, the thighs are covered and part of the tibie.
The above description has been taken by me from an inspection of the only specimens of this species as yet obtained, which are still living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. The ears are much injured (as I have always observed to be the case in Bats living in captivity), and a correct description cannot therefore be made of them, but they appear to be quite naked, rounded, and scarcely longer than the fur. Their size appears to correspond to that of Pt. dasymallus, to which species they are evidently closely allied ; but the very distinct white collar (yellow when the specimens were first obtained) in the male and the well-marked dark band dividing it below distinguishes it from P¢. dasymallus. Other more important differences may be discovered in the form of the ears and in the dentition when more specimens are obtained, and I agree with Mr. Sclater in considering the Formosan Pteropus distinct from the Japanese Pt. dasymallus.
The type specimens now living in the gardens of the Zoological Society appear to be about the size of Pt. dusymallus. 5. Pteropus pselaphon.
Pteropus pselaphon, Say, Zoolog. Journ. 1829, p. 457; Temminch, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 70 (1835-41).
Pteropus ursinus, Aittlitz, Temminck, op. cit. ii. p. 73. Pselaphon ursinus, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 110 (1870).
Ears short, subacutely pointed, half concealed by the long fur of the head, but broader at the basal third than in Pt. dasymallus, and more attenuated towards their extremities, the basal half of the ear-conch thinly clothed with moderately long hairs; head broad, rather abruptly narrowed in front.
Posterior margin of the very narrow interfemoral membrane concealed by the fur. Fur everywhere long and dense, dark reddish brown throughout, some of the hairs of the back shining or greyish yellow, and, in some specimens, those of the ventral surface also: the fur of the back long, like that of the neck, extending thickly upon
2. PTEROPUS. 27 the legs to the backs of the feet, even to the base of the claws, and upon the humerus and the muscular part of the forearm; beneath, long hairs cover the wing-membrane between the anterior and posterior extremities, and the legs almost as far as the ankles. Upper incisors strong, close together ; lower outer incisors double the size of the inner pair, inner incisors close together; canines separated by a rather narrow space from the second premolar, which, with the third premolar, has a posterior and external basal projection ; the first upper premolar minute, deciduous; last molar slightly larger than the first lower premolar, which fills up the space between the canine and second premolar; the second and third lower premolars have external and posterior basal cusps; last molar about the size of the first premolar.
Skull remarkably broad across zygomatic arches; muzzle short; a process from the zygoma to meet the postorbital process of the frontal. Pt. dasymallus has a longer and narrower skull, and the last upper molar is nearly double the size of the first lower premolar. Length, head and body 8"'5, eye from tip of nostril 1", ear 0'8, forearm 5", thumb 2!-3, third finger 10", fifth finger 6!-5, tibia 2"-3, foot 1-8.
Hab. Island of Bonin.
a. 3 ad. sk. Island of Bonin. Dr. J. Richardson [P.]. b. ad. sk. Island of Bonin. Zool. Soe. Coll.
ce. 2 ad. sk. Haslar Museum.
d, skull.
6. Pteropus vetulus.
Pteropus vetulus, Jowan, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sct. Cherbourg, 1863, p. 90. Pteropus ornatus, Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, p. 105 (1870).
Ears shorter than the muzzle, narrow, and subacutely pointed, clothed with a few short hairs on both sides, nearly concealed by the long fur, which is directed backwards.
In a young male (type of Pt. ornatus) the fur is bright ferruginous brown. above and beneath ; face buff; head ferruginous brown, many of the hairs have their terminal half shining grey; back of neck and shoulders pale buff, almost white; some of the hairs of the back greyish as on the head. ; In a female (type of the species) the face is brown, much mixed with grey hairs, so that the prevailing colour is greyish; a white streak, not well-defined in every specimen, extends on each side above the eye, separated by a darker-coloured patch between on the forehead ; top and back of the head pale brownish buff, the long fur nearly concealing the ears; nape pale buff, the greater part of the hairs almost white; back yellowish brown, with a streak of lightercoloured fur passing down the centre, varying much in breadth in different individuals, in young specimens not discernible; chest and abdomen bright yellowish brown.
28 PTEROPODID.
Fur long, everywhere very soft and dense, except on the anterior extremities, where it extends thinly; the humerus is clothed with appressed yellowish-brown fur, and a small patch of yellows fur appears upon the forearm near the elbow; the legs are covered to the ankles, the hairs passing on to the backs of the feet; on the back the fur is directed backwards, but is not appressed. Beneath a band of fur extends upon the wings almost as far as the carpus, and the space between the humerus and femur is covered; three fourths of the legs are clothed, but not so thickly as on the upper surface.
Upper incisors strong, nearly equal, close together; first upper premolar very small, to the outer side of the tooth-row in the centre of the space between the canine and second premolar; molars welldeveloped, the antepenultimate molar much exceeding the preceding molar in antero-posterior diameter ; the last upper molar oval, slightly larger than the corresponding tooth below; lower outer incisors more than double the size of the inner incisors, which are separated by a slight interval from each other; first lower premolar almost filling up the space between the canine and second premolar; middle premolars and molars with transverse basal ridges behind. Length (of an adult 9 in the Paris Museum), head and body about 9", ear 0'-9, forearm 6-4, thumb 2-3; third finger—metacarp. 4-1, Ist ph. 3", 2nd ph. 4-2; fifth finger—metacarp. 4-1, 1st ph. 1!-85, 2nd ph. 1-6 ; foot 1-7.
Hab. New Caledonia; Loyalty Isles.
The museum has lately obtained from the Rev. 8. J. Whitmee a specimen of a Pteropus from the Loyalty Isles, which, although differing slightly in the form of the ears and in the colour of the fur, can be regarded only as a local variety of this species. The ears are shorter and broader than in P¢. vetwlus from New Caledonia; face beneath the eyes and the inferior surface of the muzzle greyish ferruginous ; upper surface of the muzzle greyer, a greyish streak above each eye ; head pale yellowish brown in front, reddish brown bebind ; neck and shoulders bright yellowish buff, the greater part of the hairs bright buff; back yellowish brown along the middle, ferruginous brown on the sides ; the hairs on the forearm ferruginous, as in specimens from New Caledonia; breast and abdomen bright yellowish, pubis yellowish brown. Distribution of the fur as in other specimens ; the thighs and legs densely covered above as far as backs of feet, but the toes are naked; beneath, the thighs and the upper parts of the tibie are thickly covered.
The upper incisors are not so strong as in New-Caledonia specimens, and are separated by an interval from each other. a. gd imm. New Caledonia (Port de France). Purchased. (Type of Pteropus ornatus, Gray.)
6. Q Pad., al. Loyalty Isles (Lifw). Rey. S. J. Whitmee.