4, CYNOPTERUS. 85 Zelebor’s description (which consists merely of some unimportant remarks on the colours of the fur, wing-membranes, and eyes), yet, as the animals which furnished the above description were taken not only at the same island, Car-Nicobar, but also from the same place on that island, namely from the leaves of the cocoa-nut palms, I think it highly probable that they belong to the same species, and accordingly, to avoid the possibility of introducing a fresh synonym, I have retained Fitzinger’s name.
a. @ ad., al. Car-Nicobar Island. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [E.]. (With fetus in utero.)
3. Cynopterus melanocephalus, Pteropus melanocephalus, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. i. p. 190, pl. xii. Cynopterus melanocephalus, Peters, MB. Akad. Bak 1867, p. 867; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 27 (1876).
Ears small, oval; nostrils projecting considerably, deeply emarginate between. Fur above extending to the wing-membranes as far as a line drawn between the elbow and the knee; beneath almost confined to the body. Head black; shoulders and back pale reddish buff at the base of the hairs, the extremities light reddish brown; beneath pale buff throughout. The colour of the hair on the upper surface appears in the type specimen considerably faded. Teeth as in C. marginatus ; last lower molar very small, much smaller than upper one.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body 28, ear 0'°4, eye from tip of nostril 0-25, forearm 1'°7, thumb 0'"6, third finger 3”, fifth finger 2-2, tibia 0'°6, foot 0'°5.
Hab. Java.
The type in the Leyden Museum is the only specimen of this the smallest species of Cynopterus yet obtained.
4. Cynopterus brachysoma.
Cyne pre brachysoma, Dobson, J. A. S. B. 1871, p. 260; 1873, p- 202, pl. xiv. fig.7; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 27, tig. (ear). Fars slightly longer than the muzzle, broadly rounded off above, the upper third of the outer margin straight or even slightly convex; the presence of a rounded lobe at the base of the outer margin at once distinguishes this species.
Body very short and thick. Fur slaty blue, with a greyish or silvery tinge, the tip of the hairs sooty brown. The fur of the back is continuous with that of the abdomen through the notch in the interfemoral membrane, and completely conceals the short and slender tail. Above, the fur of the back extends upon the wingmembrane as far as a line drawn between the elbow- and kneejoints, covering it with long hair, also upon the humerus, half the length of the forearm, the femur, and proximal end of the tibia. Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'-9, tail 0'-25, head 1'"25, eye to tip of nostril 0-4, ear 0'°6 x 0'-35,
86 PTEROPODIDE.
forearm 2'':2, third finger 4”, fifth finger 3”, thumb 0'9, tibia 0'"8, foot 0'°5.
Hab. Southern Andaman Islands.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 5. Cynopterus latidens.
Ears small, oval, rounded off above, naked, not margined with white ; muzzle rather short and obtuse.
Tail very short, quite concealed by the long fur surrounding it. Fur of the head in front of and above the eyes very dark brown, almost black ; crown of the head behind the eyes dark brown; back and neck reddish brown, the greater part of the hairs to the base greyish; beneath, greyish brown throughout.
The fur of the body is moderately long and very dense, extending outwards upon the humerus, which it covers altogether, and passes round the elbow to the fleshy part of the forearm; also upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and upon the legs and adjoining membranes as far as the metatarsus, the hairs being rather long and moderately dense ; interfemoral membrane very short in the centre, and thickly covered above and beneath with close fur, which conceals its posterior margin and the very short tail.
The teeth differ remarkably from those of every other known species of Cynopterus in their large size and great width (Plate V. fig. 1). The transverse and longitudinal diameters of each molar tooth are nearly equal; the first upper true molar has a very large external cusp; the last lower molar is very small, with a circular crown, equal to the first lower premolar in cross section, but scarcely one third the diameter of the antepenultimate molar ; the lower canines are close together, their projecting cingulums being separated posteriorly by a narrow space. Some of the lower incisors are evidently deciduous, for in the specimen (the only example of this species as yet obtained) from which this description is taken three incisors occupy the whole space between the canines.
Length, ear 0'°6, forearm 2"-8, thumb 1”; third finger—metaearp. 2", Ist ph. 15, 2nd ph. 1-9; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'-9, 1st ph. 0’°9, 2nd ph. 0'"9 ; foot 0'°65.
Hab. Morty Island, Malay Archipelago.
This species is at once distinguished by the very peculiar form of the molar teeth, which are not only different from those of every known species of Cynopterus, but also from those of every species of the suborder. Molar teeth of a somewhat similar form occur only in certain species of the group Stenodermata (of the widely separated family Phyllostomide), which are also frugivorous in their habits.
a. & ad. sk. (type). Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]}.
4, CYNOPTERUS. 87 Tail distinct : incisors ‘ > upper middle incisors longer than the outer ones. Subgenus Prenocuivs.
Ptenochirus, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 707. 6. Cynopterus jagorii.
Pachysoma (Ptenochirus) jagorii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1861, p. 707 ; dd. lc. 1871, p. 867.
Cynopterus jagorii, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 28 (1876). Ears like those of CO. marginatus, but shorter and not margined with white; the outer margin also is less concave in upper third. The fur of the body extends slightly upon the wing-membrane ; but the under surface of the forearm is nearly naked. Fur above dark brown ; beneath, a paler shade of the same colour. Outer upper incisors less than half the size of the inner ones ; lower incisors two, not much crowded, bifid ; first upper premolar very small, in the narrow space between the canine and the large second premolar, but on the outer side (not outside) of the toothrow ; first lower premolar not so small, and in the centre of the tooth-row.
In all other respects, in the form of the head, muzzle, and body, &e., similar to C. marginatus.
Length, head and body 4”, tail 0'"5, ear 0'-7 x 0'"4, forearm 3-1, thumb 1-2, third finger 5’-2, fifth finger 3'°8, tibia 1-2, foot 0'75. Hab. Philippine Islands (Luzon).
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
F so 4 Tail none ; incisors 3. Subgenus Mrezrops.
Megeera, Temm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 359.
Megerops, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 867. 7. Cynopterus ecaudatus.
Pachysoma ecaudatum, Temm. J. c. ii. p. 94.
Megvera ecaudata, Temm. l.c. p.3859; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. v. p. 611 Megzerops ecaudatus, Peters, 1. c. p. 868.
Cynopterus ecaudatus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 29 (1876). Head and muzzle as in C. marginatus; apertures of nostrils rather wide, opening sublaterally ; ears small, oval, very similar in relative size and shape to those of C. melanocephalus. Fur yellowish brown throughout, extending broadly upon the wing-membrane across the loins as far outwards as a line drawn from the elbow- to the knee-joint; beneath, the fur is almost confined to the body.
Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 3'"8, ear 0'-5, eye from tip of nostril 0-4, forearm 2’"1, thumb 0-8, third finger 3''8, fifth finger 2'-8, tibia 0°75, foot 0'°5. Hab. Sumatra.
The only specimen of this species yet obtained is preserved in the Leyden Museum.
88 PTEROPODIDE.
5. HARPYIA.
Harpyia, Illkiger, Prodr. Syst. Mammal. p. 118 (1811); Temminck, Monogr. Mamma. ii. p. 98 (1885-41) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 64; Catal. Monkeys and Frutt-eating Bats, 1870, p. 20; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl, 1867, p. 868.
Cephalotes, Geoffroy (in part), Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 107 (1810). Uronycteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 262.
Muzzle short, obtuse, and very thick ; nostrils tubular, projecting abruptly for a considerable distance from the upper extremity of the muzzle ; index finger with a large claw; wings from the sides of the body and from the base of the second toe; tail short, half contained in the interfemoral membrane.
Dentition. Inc. 4, C. is pm. 7 m. = Premaxillary bones well developed, united in front; facial bones much elevated above the margin of the jaw; lower canines close together.
This genus is at once distinguished by the peculiar tubular nostrils and by the dentition, which resembles that of no other genus. Although thus separated from all other genera of Pteropodide, it is evidently most closely related to Cynopterus, in which the nostrils of some species and especially of some individuals are much elongated, and the outer incisors in both jaws are sometimes very small or deciduous.
Range. Austro-Malayan subregion.
1. Harpyia cephalotes.
yore cephalotes, Pallas, Spicileg. Zoolog. iii. p. 10, figs. 1, 2 1767).
Goi allasii, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 107 (1810). Harpyia pallasii, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 101, pl. xl. figs. 1-5 (1835-41) ; Gray, Mag. Zool. § Bot. ii. p. 504 (1888). Harpyia cephalotes, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. i. p. 870 (1844) ; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 868.
Cynopterus (Uronycteris) albiventer, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 262. Muzzle short, thick, and obtuse, the eye placed midway between the ear and the extremity of the muzzle; nostrils in the form of cylindrical tubes projecting abruptly from the -extremity of the muzzle high above the margin of the upper lip, with slightly dilated notched apertures ; upper lip very deep, divided by a narrow groove which is continuous with the emargination between the bases of the nasal tubes. Eyes large, placed high up on the sides of the face. Ears oval, longer than the muzzle, the outer and inner margins of the ear-conch convex, the summit rounded off, no lobule at the base of the outer margin.
Base of the first phalanx of the thumb contained within the wingmembrane ; index finger with a large claw. Wing-membrane from the sides of the body and from the base of the second toe ; interfemoral membrane much deeper and tail longer than in Cynopterus.
5. HARPYIA. 89 Integument of the body and wings dark brown, with several circular unequal white spots on the forearms and fingers, and a few on the wing-membrane.
Fur, above, reddish brown with an ashy tinge; beneath, dull yellowish white ; a darker-coloured, almost black, streak, generally very narrow, but in some specimens increasing considerably in width posteriorly, extends from between the shoulders to the base of the interfemoral- membrane.
Skull rather short; premaxillary bones well developed and united in front, the extremities of the nasal-bones much elevated above the margin of the jaw; frontal bones slightly grooved mesially in front, elevated laterally, considerably raised above the nasals in front; postorbital processes short, their bases not perforated by a foramen as in Cynopterus.
Upper incisors well developed, filling up the space between the canines ; each tooth is broadly conical, with a small external cusp ; canines thick but not acute, with a second obtuse projection on the outer side near the extremity ; first upper premolar minute, with a flattened crown, scarcely as high as the cingulum of the canine, in the narrow space between the canine and the second premolar, which is equal to about one half the canine; first molar with an oblique crown, slightly smaller than the second premolar, and equal to the second molar in cross section ; lower canines close together in front ; first lower premolar very small, with a flattened crown, having a small external cusp; second premolar three fourths the size of the canine, and much larger than the third, which equals the first molar in cross section; last lower molar scarcely more than half the size of the antepenultimate molar, with a flat, oblong, rectangular crown.
(For measurements, see p. 90.)
Hab. Celebes, Timor; Amboina; Gilolo; Morty Island; Cape York, N. Australia.
The original description of this species by Pallas leaves little to be desired. It contains also an excellent account of the visceral anatomy, illustrated by several figures.
a. imm, sk., in al. Morty Island. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. b. oad. sk. Amboina. Purchased.
e. ad. sk. Cape York, N. Australia. Purchased.
d. skull of }.
2. Harpyia major.
Harpyia major, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 187, figs. 1-3. Much larger than H. cephalotes, Pallas, but with shorter ears, longer nasal tubes, and much paler-coloured fur, differing also in the form of the skull and of some of the teeth.
Fur, above, pale buff, the base of the hairs on the back dark ; extremities of the hairs on'the head and about the ears yellow ; on the back the greater part pale buff ; a dark vertebral line, as in H. cepha-
90 PTEROPODID.E.
lotes, extends from a point between the shoulders to the tail; beneath, dull yellowish buff throughout.
Upper canine on each side with a prominent external cusp ; last lower molar with a circular crown. In 4. cephalotes the upper canine has a blunt, ill-defined external projection, and the crown of the last lower molar is oval or quadrilateral. The skull in this species is also very much larger and differently shaped. The frontal bone is deeply grooved between the postorbital processes, and the nasal bones terminate at such a height above the premaxilla as to be on the same level with the floor of the groove behind them. The zygomatic arch is more than twice as thick as in H. cephalotes, and the postorbital processes of the frontal are longer.
Hab. New Guinea (south of Huon Gulf); Duke of York Island, New Ireland ; New Georgia, Solomon Islands. a. imm. sk, New Guinea, south of Huon Gulf. Dr. Comrie [C.]. b. ad. sk. (type). Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown[C.]. ce. imm. sk, Duke of York Island. Rey. G. Brown [C. }. d. ? ad. sk. New Georgia.
e. skull of 8.
f. skull of d.
The following Table exhibits the measurements of the type of this species, of another immature specimen with the epiphyses of the finger-bones unconsolidated, and of a perfectly adult specimen of H. cephalotes from Timor :— Al. major | H. major | FH. cepha- (ad.). (imm.). | lotes (ad.).
Length, head and body, about ............ 45 42 3°5 gpa UBL Shatee Pry acwsstecaccaacousnacresyes 09 0-9 07 ge, NEA” 2h rci. ds umoeracgeewsuen env ewees 1:55 15 1:3 e COT. wicinantadesneceeeett sossunexseesdees 0°55 0-55 06 We SAOROATM es cee n race sh ne onaktacate 3-1 2:95 2-4 * gp, thumbed, scone swateaiahasesaeattectes 13 1:3 09 iy ‘Becondfinger' 0d. cweaseveecare 2:2 2°0 16 », third finger, metacarp............. 215 19 16 _ is mo. betypboussctaaeess 165 1:55 1:25 <5 4) » 2nd ph.... 2:3 2°1 17 » fifth ,, metacarp.... 2-0 1:85 16 s i i Steph cesteveeweis ae 10 0:95 0°75 . s Oe1210 0] ) ene een ae 1:2 1:05 0°85 ge. HAD eeveatccecuer Ants ssvwed nese ladeee 1:2 11 0:85 a ACALOANOUIN .ccecct sev, dean ecesscnderace 0°45 0-4 03 si. MOObraewexasussuegvanisvamermeeueevins 07 07 05 * I find that this is the constant length of the forearm of all perfectly adult specimens of H. cephalotes from the Malay Archipelago.
6. CEPHALOTES. 91 6. CEPHALOTES.
Cephalotes, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 99 (1810); Temminck, onogr. Mammal. ii. p. 103 (1835-41) ; te P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 64; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 871; Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 119.
Hypoderma, Is. Geoffr. Dict. Class. d’ Hist. Nat. v. p. 15; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stiugeth. i. p. 872 (1844).
Xantharpyia, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 80 (1844) (vide Peters, 1. c.).
Muzzle obtusely conical, as short as in Cynopterus ; nostrils simple, rather wide apart, opening sublaterally, with a wide shallow emargination between; ears simple, separate; index finger without a claw; wings from the spine ; wing-membrane attached to the base of the second toe ; tail short, as in Cynonycteris. Dentition. Inc. , c. =, pm. =, m. =.
This genus, represented by a single species only, appears to be most nearly allied to Pteropus, which it resembles in the form of the skull and of the molar teeth. It is, however, widely separated from all the genera of this group by the ununited condition of the premaxillary bones, and by the absence of a claw on the index finger. Range. Austro-Malayan subregion.
1. Cephalotes peronii.
Pteropus palliatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, xv. p. 99 (1810). Cephalotes peronii, Geoffroy, J.c. p. 104, pl. vii. ; Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 106, pl. xxxv. fig. 7, pl. xxxvi. figs. 24-29 (1885- 41); Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 871; Gray, Catal. Monkeys and Fruit-eating Bats, 1870, p. 119.
Hypoderma peronii, Js. Geoffroy, Dict. Class. d Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 708 (1828).
Hypoderma moluccensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de 0 Astrolabe, i. p. 86, pl. xi.
Xantharpyia amplexicaudata, Gray, Voy. Sulphur, Mammalia, p. 30 (1844).
Muzzle short, obtusely conical; the eye is nearer to the extremity of the nose than to the ear; ears narrow, subacutely pointed, longer than the muzzle ; outer margin of the ear-conch concave immediately beneath the tip, then convex ; inner margin convex in the middle, straight in upper third; nostrils as in Pteropus but not so prominent, separated by a wider space and opening more laterally; beneath, the centre of the upper lip is occupied by a naked raised and flattened cushion not divided by a vertical groove. Index finger as long as the metacarpal bone of the middle finger, the terminal phalanx ending in a small curved process resembling a blunt nail.
Wing-membrane from the base of the second toe, and from the central line of the back, with which it is connected by a longitudinal very thin process of the integument. The wings are quite naked above, but the back covered by them is well clothed with hair.
92 PLEROPODIDX.
Fur everywhere short; dark brown on the head, paler brown on the neck and shoulders ; beneath, dull yellowish or greyish brown.
Above, the fur covering the shoulders terminates abruptly at about the posterior angle of the scapula, corresponding to the commencement of the wing-membrane ; a few hairs appear upon the base of the interfemoral membrane, but the remainder of the membranes and the anterior and posterior extremities are naked; beneath, a band of rather long fur extends outwards behind the forearm towards the carpus.
General form of the skull similar to that of Pteropus, but the muzzle is much shorter, and the postorbital processes of the frontal scarcely more developed than in Cynonycteris; premaxillary bones slender, not united in the centre, each supporting a single incisor with a broad cutting-edge ; lower incisors two, slender, in the narrow space between the canines; first upper premolar about two thirds the size of the canine, separated from it by a narrow interval; first upper molar once and a half the second premolar in cross section; second molar small, but exceeding the last lower molar in cross section ; lower premolars and molars very similar to those in Pt. jubatus, with prominent antero-internal basal cusps, but the first lower premolar fills up the space between the canine and second premolar.
Length (of an adult 2), head and body 65, tail 1'"3, head 2”, ear 1", eye from nose 0'"7, forearm 5'"3, thumb 1-5, third finger— metacarp. 3’°1, Ist ph. 2'°35, 2nd ph. 3'"4; fourth finger—metacarp. 2'-8, 1st ph. 2'"15, 2nd ph. 2''3 ; fifth finger—metacarp. 2’:8, 1st ph. 1'°7, 2nd ph. 1'°8; tibia 2’3, foot 1-2. Hab. Austro-Malayan Subregion (Celebes, Timor, Amboina; Bouru; Ceram, Samar, Banda, Batchian, Ternate ; Duke of York Island, New Treland ; San Cristoval Island, Solomon Islands). a, 6. 9 ad. sk. Celebes.
e. 3 ad. sk. Timor. Purchased.
d, ad. sk. Amboina. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.].
e. 9 ad., al. Amboina. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.}. f. Q imm., al. Amboina. Capt. Sir E. Belcher [C.]. g. & ad. sk. Bouru.
ht. & Qad. sk. Ceram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. J 2 juv. sk. Ternate. A. R. Wallace, Esq. fet k. Q imm. sk. Duke of York Island. Rey. G. Brown [C.]. 1. fo juv., al. Duke of York Island. Rev. G. Brown fe : m. 2 imm. sk. San Cristoval Island. F. M. Rayner, Esq. [P.]. n. skull of e.
o. skull of a very large individual. Purchased. 7. NOTOPTERIS.
Notopteris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 36; Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 872.
Muzzle narrow, cylindrical, and pointed ; nostrils not prominent, opening sublaterally, the extremity of the nose scarcely emarginate