6. VEBPERTAO. 237 43, Vesperugo nanus.
Vespertilio nanus, Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 68 (1852). Vesperugo nauus et pusillulus, Peters, Jorn. Scien. Math.-Phys. Nat. Lisboa, 1870, p. 124.
Vesperugo (Glischropus) nanus, Dobson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 472. Resembles V. pipistrellus in the general form of the muzzle and in size; but the ears are much narrower, and their outer margin distinctly angularly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, terminating in a sharply defined, projecting square lobule; the inner margin is regularly slightly convex from the base to the tip, which is shortly rounded off; the upper half of the outer margin distinctly concave. Tragus without triangular lobule or projection at the base, narrowest opposite the base, broadest opposite the upper fifth ot the inner margin, the outer margin sloping inwards above to join the inner margin, and form with it a narrow terminal projection curved slightly inwards (Plate XII. fig. 9, head, double natural size). Base of the thumb swollen, rounded, the surface marked with deep wrinkles ; the sole of the foot similarly swollen and wrinkled, but flat, or slightly concave as in Tylonycteris pachypus ; toes short, about half the length of the whole foot. Postcalcaneal lobe distinct, rounded, placed on the calcaneum at a distance equal to about three fourths the length of the foot from the end of the tibia. Tail as long as the head and body, the extreme tip projecting. Above dark brown or black, with shining tips ; beneath brown or black at the base, with ashy extremities.
Upper incisors nearly equal in length, inner incisors bifid at extremities, outer unicuspidate. Lower incisors distinctly trifid, and not crowded. Second upper premolar separated from the canine by a narrow interval, through which the small first is visible from without.
Length, head and body 1'':6, tail 1-6, head 0'-55, ear 0''-45, tragus 0-22, forearm 1'2, thumb 0'22, third finger 2':25, fifth finger 1"-65, tibia 0'°5, foot 0'°22.
Hab. The Ethiopian Region. Apparently generally distributed throughout Africa south of the Sahara and Madagascar, Previous to the publication of my description of V. tylopus, and additional notes on this species, the only Bat in which similar peculiarities in the structure of the sole of the foot and ball of the thumb had been noticed was V. (Vesperus) pachypus (vide anted, p. 208). The peculiar formation of these parts evidently enables these species to cling to the under surfaces of large leaves and fruits (see my paper “On peculiar Structures in the Feet of certain Species of Mammals &c.,” P. Z.8. 1876, pp. 526-534, pl. lv.). b. d imm., al. West Africa, Mr. Argent’s Collection. Sea Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk (P..
d. 2 ade al. Mossambique. Dr. Peters's Collection. a ha ole ? South Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].
r ad., al. East London, British Lieut. Trevelyan [P. ]. Caffraria.
238 VESPERTILIONIDE.
2-2 Se :
Ine, > pm. 33 ; wings from the base of the toes ; interfemoral membrane hairy above. Hab. Nearctic Region. Subgen. Lasronyc- TERIS.
44, Vesperugo noctivagans.
Vespertilio noctivagans, Leconte, Cuv. An. Kingdom, ed. M‘Murtrie, vol. i. App. p. 431, June 1831; Cooper, Annals Lyc. New York, 1837, p. 59; Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 754 (1855). Vespertilio auduboni, Harlan, Amer, Month, Journ. Nov. 183], .220.
Vinnertilic pulverulentus, ZTemm. Monogr. Mamma. ii. p. 235 (1840). Scotophilus noctivagans, Allen, Bats of N. America, p. 39 (1864). Lasionycteris noctivagans, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1865, p. 648. The extremity of the muzzle as far back as the angle of the mouth is nearly naked; glandular prominences large, causing the muzzle to appear very broad; nostrils separated by a rather wide interval, which is slightly concave. ars nearly as broad as long, broadly rounded off above, with a straight outer margin reflected backwards as in V’. noctula, and terminating close to the angle of the mouth ; the basal lobe of the inner margin has a small rounded projection at its commencement behind, which projects backwards and appears to lie normally against the anterior and outer flat surface of the tragus, the inner margin of which lies in the angle between this projection and the ear-conch. ‘The tragus is broad, and reaches its preatest width opposite the middle of the inner margin ; the inner margin is straight, the outer has a small lobe at the base, succeeded above by a concavity, above which the outer margin becomes very convex (Plate XII. fig. 10, ear, slightly enlarged). Wings from the base of the toes ; feet rather small; termination of calcaneum indistinct, no postcalcaneal lobe; tip of tail projecting.
Fur, above, dark brown at the base, becoming very gradually lighter towards the extremities of the hairs, the terminal one fourth of which is silvery white, more conspicuous on the back; the head is brown throughout. Beneath, the fur of the neck is similar to that of the head, and that of the abdomen to the back. The membranes are almost black, the integument of the body and ears dark brown ; the inner basal lobe of the ear is white, and this appears to be a constant character in this species.
On the upper surface the fur of the body extends upon the wingmembrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the ankle-joint ; the interfemoral membrane is covered for four fifths its extent, a triangular terminal portion behind, containing the last three vertebree of the tail, being alone naked; beneath, the fur does not extend so far upon the membranes; the wing-membrane is covered thinly as far as a line joining the middle of the humerus and the knee-joint, and the interfemoral has a few minute hairs only on the part contained between the posterior limbs.
The upper incisors are similar to those of V. pipistrellus; the inner ones with a second smaller cusp placed posteriorly and exter-
6. VESPERUGO. 239 nally, about one third shorter than the principal cusp; the outer incisor unicuspidate and equal in length to the outer cusp of the inner incisor. Lower incisors very distinctly trifid, placed rather across the direction of the jaws, but not crowded. The first upper premolar minute and placed internally, but may be seen from without, broad at the base and shortly conical; the second premolar longer than the succeeding molar ; last molar two thirds the size of antepenultimate molar. First lower premolar small, but the second is scarcely half its size and slightly internal to it; the third premolar exceeds the succeeding molar in vertical extent. Length (of an adult 4, in spirits), head and body 2'25, tail 1'°7, head 0°75, ear 0'°65, tragus 0':28 x 0’"12, forearm 1'°65, thumb 0":22, third finger 2''8, fifth finger 1-95, tibia 0'"7, foot 0'"3. This species is at once distinguished by the hairiness of the interfemoral membrane, and by the additional premolar in the lower jaw. These differences, though very charactcristic of the species, are not sufficient to warrant its separation from Vesperugo, with the species of which it otherwise presents in the aggregate of its natural characters close generic affinities. It may, however, be regarded as the type of a subgenus, Lasionycteris, Ptrs.
Hab. North America, from Hudson’s Bay (James Bay) to California, probably generally distributed between the 55th and 30th parallels N. latitude. (See list of localities given by Allen, J. c. p. 142.) This species has probably the highest northern range among the Bats of America.
a. ad. sk. Malden, Canada. Dr. P. W. Maclagan [P.]. b. ad. 9, al. Smithsonian Institute [P.].
e, ad. sk. No history.
Ine. ah pm. a outer upper incisors very small, scarcely raised above the gum, generally posterior to the tooth-row ; penis with a distinct bone ; postcaleaneal lobe well developed ; wings from the base of the toes. Hab. Oriental Region. Subgen. HespERoPTEnvs, Ptrs. Synopsis of the Species.
a, Outer upper incisors in the tooth-row.
a. Base of the thumbs simple, without adhesive cushions; forearm 14, tibia 0’"7.. 45. V. dora, p. 239. b. Outer upper incisors quite posterior to the tooth-row.
b'. Base of the thumbs simple, without adhe- eee sive cushions; forearm rao ie nie , 46. V. tickelli, p. 240. c'. Base of the thumbs with broad adhesive :
cushions; forearm 1'"1, tibia 0'"45 .... 47. V, blanfordi, p, 242. 45. Vesperugo dorie.
Vesperus (Hesperoptenus) doris, Peters, MB. Akad, Berl. 1868, p. 626.
240 VESPERTILIONIDE.
Vesperugo (Vesperus) doriz, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 112 (1876).
Ears quadrilateral, rounded, not emarginate, the outer margin terminating in a distinct lobe near the angle of the mouth; tragus rounded at the tip and curved inwards, reaching its greatest width immediately below the middle of the inner margin. A small lobule at the base of the outer margin. Metacarpal bones of the fingers nearly equal in length.
Wing-membrane from the base of the toes; tail wholly included within the interfemoral membrane ; postcalcaneal lobe distinct. Penis with a small but distinct bone.
Fur light brown, somewhat darker at the base of the hairs. Inner upper incisors long and unicuspidate ; the outer incisor on each side very small, scarcely rising above the surface of the gum. Lower incisors crowded.
Length (of an adult 3), head and body 2", tail 1'°6, head 0'°6, ear 0'°6 x 0°48, tragus 0':26, forearm 1:4, thumb 0:28, third finger 3”, fifth finger 1’-9, tibia 0'°7, caleaneum 0''6, foot 025, Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). = - This species was made the type of a new subgenus, Hesperoptenus, by Dr. Peters, on account of the extremely small size of the inner upper incisors, the presence of a distinct bone in the penis, and other characters, in which it differs from all the preceding species of the subgenus Vesperus. I have not seen the type specimen ; but I think it is closely allied to V. tickelli and to V. blanfordi, which also have a distinct bone in the penis, and in which also the external upper incisor on each side is not only small, but is placed posterior to the canine and inner incisor.
Type in the collection of the Marquis Doria.
46. Vesperugo tickelli.
Nycticejus tickelli, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xx. p. 157. Nycticejus isabellinus, Horsfield, Catal. Mammal. Mus. E. Ind. Company (1851), vere tickelli, Dobson, Monogr. Astat. Chiropt. p. 118, figs. a, b (1876).
Head broad and flat; muzzle obtuse; glands of upper lip well developed ; nostrils without intervening emargination, scarcely raised beyond the level of lip; lower lip with a simple naked space in front; ears moderate, rounded above, outer side straight or very slightly convex, emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a'small rounded lobe, in front of which, and between it and the angle of the mouth, a small wart is placed; tragus lunate, outer margin very convex, inner slightly concave, rising from a narrow base, with the usual small rounded lobe at the outer side (Plate XII. fig. 3, ear, enlarg’ed).
Tail long, last vertebra free; postcalcaneal lobe distinct; feet short.
6. VESPERUGO. 241 _The fur of the head extends forwards upon the face to a greater distance and in greater amount than in other species of this genus. The face is covered rather densely with fur as far as the commencement of the nostrils ; a narrow space above the eyes, the sides of the face in front of the ears, and the glandular prominences of the upper lip are thinly clothed with short thinly spread hairs. The posterior and inner surface of the ear is densely covered with short fur. Laterally, the fur of the body extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint, and thence backwards to the ankles along the outer side of the tibia; posteriorly the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is densely covered at the root of the tail, and the fur extends backwards as far as a line drawn between the ankle-joints, becoming shorter and more thinly spread ; the tibia is clothed with short dense fur, which also clothes the back of the foot, extending to the base of the claws. Beneath, the fur of the body extends thickly upon the wing-membrane as far as a line drawn from the elbowto the knee-joint, and also posterior to the forearm, in a band nearly half an inch wide, to the carpus. The interfemoral membrane is thickly covered at its base, the fur quickly thinning out backwards into a few very short hairs occupying almost half its surface.
Fur pale straw-brown above, the bases of the hairs pale brown or buff; beneath pale buff.
The penis is very peculiarly shaped. As in V. dorie, it has a distinct, bone, and also a large saccular prepuce with a horizontal horseshoe-shaped opening.
Viewed anteriorly the upper incisors appear to be two in number only, and resemble those in the genus Scotophilus (p. 256), being unicuspidate and placed near the canines. In the angle behind the inner incisor and canine on each side the short outer incisor is placed, the summit of which is but slightly raised above the gum, and, seen through the small interval between the bases of the inner incisor and canine, appears as if it were a posterior basal cusp of the inner incisor. Lower incisors placed across the direction of the jaws, but not much crowded.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2-65, tail 2", ear 0'-75, tragus 0'-35 x 0'-15, forearm 2-2, thumb 0°42, third finger 4-2, fifth finger 2-9, tibia 0'-9, foot 0'45, calcaneum 0-9.
Hab. Peninsula of India (Chaibasa, Jashpur, Sirguja); Ceylon. Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. a, b. ad. sks. Nusserabad, India. He eu. Collection. c,d. 6 & P ad, al. Ceylon. urchased, ao ae A Ceylon. Dr. Thwaites [P. ].
. ad. sk. :
i eae Bombay. Dr. Leith te :
h. skeleton. India. Dr. Leith P.}
Y42 VESPERTILIONIDE.
47, Vesperugo blanfordi.
Vesperugo (Hesperoptenus) blanfordi, Dobson, Jow'n. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 312.
Head very flat and broad; muzzle obtusely conical; nostrils opening widely apart by semilunate apertures, the margins of which are level with the extremity of the muzzle; ears short, triangular in outline, with broadly rounded-off tips; upper half of the outer margin of the ear-conch straight, then convex, slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, terminating abruptly in a deep lobe closer to the angle of the mouth than to the base of the tragus ; tragus narrowest opposite the base of its inner margin, expanded above and curved inwards. Thumb short, with a very acute claw ; a broad adhesive cushion occupies the base of the inferior surface of the metacarpal bone, and extends outwards and backwards upon the base of the metacarpal of the second finger.
Feet very small, the sole of the foot apparently adhesive, but not expanded as in V. pachypus ; postcalcaneal lobe remarkably large (probably proportionately larger than in any other species of Bat) and broader than the foot, with a central cartilaginous prop; the extreme tip of the tail alone projecting.
Fur dark reddish brown above, slightly paler beneath. Penis with a distinct bone, in shape quite similar to that of V. tickelli, and with a similar prepuce.
Dentition almost quite similar to that of V. tickelli, the outer upper incisors are even smaller and placed more behind the inner incisors ; the inner incisors unicuspidate and very acutely pointed ; lower incisors trifid and placed in the direction of the jaws; the single upper premolar close to the canine; the first lower premolar with a very short and obtuse cusp, the second equals three fourths the canine in vertical extent.
Length, head and body 1°75, tail 1'"1, head 0'"6, ear 0'°45, tragus 0-18, forearm 1-1, thumb 0°15; third finger—metacarp. 1", 1st ph. 0'"6, 2nd ph. 0'"6 ; fourth finger—metacarp. 1", Ist ph. 0°53, 2nd ph. 0-28; fifth finger—metacarp. 0:95, 1st ph. 0'-35, 2nd ph. 0-22; tibia 0'°45, foot 025.
Hab. Tenasserim.
This species is about the size of Vesperugo minutus, Temm., from South Africa, and is therefore one of the smallest species of the genus. It is not half the size of V. tickelli, with which it agrees in other respects so closely. Its resemblance to that species in the position of the upper outer incisors and in the form of the penis, which has a distinct bone, is very remarkable. The single type specimen (an adult male in excellent preservation) was sent to me by Mr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S., and is now in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
6. VESPERUGO. 243 The next subgenus approaches Scotophilus in the single pair of unicuspidate upper incisors placed close to the canines, but in all other characters agrees with Vesperugo. The first lower premolar 1s not crushed in between the adjoining teeth, as in the species of Scotophilus, but is slightly inclined outwards in the manner so characteristic of Vesperugo.
Ine. , ‘pm. 7, the single upper incisor, on each side, close to the canine, as in Scotophilus ; premolars and molars as in the Subgenus Vesperugo; first minute upper premolar deciduous; the two central lower incisors larger than the other incisors; postcalcaneal lobe distinct. Hab. Ethiopian and Oriental Regions. Subgenus Scorozous. 48. Vesperugo dormeri.
Scotozous dormeri, Dubson, P. Z, S. 1875, p. 873. Vesperugo dormeri, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 118 (1876). Crown of the head scarcely raised above the face-line, glands between the nostrils and eyes well developed, but not causing a depression between them on the muzzle; nostrils opening sublaterally, the space between divided in the centre by a narrow vertical ridge passing downwards to the lip as in Vesperugo pipistrellus : ears shorter than the head, triangular, with rounded tips ; upper third of the outer margin of the ear faintly concave, then gradually convex, again slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a rounded lobe below the eye, on a level with the angle of the mouth. Tragus with a small triangular lobe near the base of the outer margin; outer and inner margins parallel as far as the upper third of the outer margin, where the outer margin slopes suddenly upwards and inwards, meeting the inner margin at an angle.
Thumb armed with a strongly curved claw; postcalcaneal lobe distinct, triangular; tip of tail projecting ; wings from the base of the toes ; foot rather large, first toe nearly equal to the others in length. :
Fur above brown, the extreme tips ashy; beneath darker brown, the terminal third of the hairs white.
A single large and acutely pointed unicuspidate incisor on each side above, direeted forwards and inwards ; this tooth almost touches the canine by its base ; but its summit is closer to its fellow of the opposite side, owing to its direction inwards ; from the outer side of its cingulum a very small spur projects. Second upper premolar large, equal to three fourths the canine in vertical extent, and placed close to it; in the small triangular space inside, between it and the canine, a minute premolar may be seen with the aid of a lens, not visible from without. Posterior upper molar equal to half the antepenultimate molar. Lower incisors crowded; middle incisors slightly larger than the others, all distinctly trifid ; lower canines without a cusp from inner margin of cingulum. First lower premolar shorter than the second premolar, but ee aes R
244 VESPERTILIONID.
diameter rather greater, nearer by its summit to the second premolar than to the canine.
Length, head and body 1'°5, tail 1-15, head 06, ear 045, tragus 0':18, forearm 1'-25, thumb 0':25, third finger 1’':85, fifth finger 1'-4, tibia 0'4, foot 0'°28.
The above are the measurements of the type, an immature specimen ; two skins in the collection from Berar appear to be examples of full-grown individuals, and afford the following measurements :— forearm 1:4, third finger 2"°7, fifth finger 1:85, tibia 0'-45, foot 0"°3.
Hab. Southern India (Bellary Hills).
a. imm., al. (type). Bellary Hills, Madras. Hon. J. Dormer [P.]. b,c. ad. sks. Chanda, S.E. Berar. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. x ger Steoty plrbirs : a 49. Vesperngo schliefenii.
Nycticejus schliefenii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1859, p. 224. Vesperugo schliefenii, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 118 (1876). Head as in V. dormeri, Ears broadly rounded off above; base of the inner margin of the ear-conch rounded, ascending portion slightly convex, becoming more convex in upper third ; outer margin straight in upper half, thickened in lower half, and reflected outwards and backwards as far as a point opposite the base of the tragus, where an emargination occurs, succeeded by a convexity forming a terminal long lobule separated by a wart from the angle of the mouth. Tragus short, broad, curved forwards and inwards, reaching its greatest width above the middle of the inner margin, at the base of the outer margin a distinct triangular lobule. Thumb moderate, with a small claw. Wings from the base of the toes; postcalcaneal lobe large and rounded; extremity of the tail projecting slightly.
Fur short ; above, chestnut or light reddish brown ; beneath, dirty buff. Face nearly naked ; wings naked except at their origin from the sides of the body; a few hairs only appear on the inferior surface of the interfemoral membrane along the basal third of the tail.
Upper incisors much shorter than in V. dormeri, each with an external basal cusp ; lower incisors in the direction of the jaws. In one specimen (in the Paris Museum) I found the first upper premolar present on one side only ; in another, both premolars were present.
Length (of an adult 9 ), head and body 1:9, tail 1'°4, head 0-65, ear 0':5, tragus 0'"18, forearm 1''35, thumb 0”-23, third finger 2'4, fifth finger 1'°7, tibia 0'-45, foot 0'°3.
Hab. Africa (Egypt; Abyssinia; W. Africa).
Type in the collection of the Berlin Museum.
a, o imm., al. (? var.*). West Africa, Purchased. * Without first upper premolarz, and with the lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaws.