12. VESPERTILIO. 301 Wings from the base of the toes; caleaneum terminating in a distinct small projection ; last caudal vertebra quite free ; feet rather broad and flat.
The face in front of the eyes is very thinly covered, and the lips scarcely fringed except with a few fine hairs; the inner surface of the ear-conch is thinly covered with short hairs arising from small glandular papille ; the wing-membranes above and beneath are almost naked, the fur of the body extending upon them along the sides of the body only ; on the upper surface the base of the interfemoral is covered, beneath naked but thickly dotted over with small white elevations.
Fur very short above and beneath. On the dorsal surface bright ferruginous red, dark or black at the base; beneath, dark with ashy extremities.
Dentition quite similar to that of V. mystacinus. Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1-65, tail 15, head 0''6, ear 0'°5, tragus 0'"25, forearm 1'35, thumb 0'°3, third finger 2''5, fifth finger 1'-9, tibia 0'°55, caleaneum 0'"45, foot 0'°35. Hab. West Africa.
This species is readily distinguished by its very narrow but straight tragus, with a convex outer margin, and the shortness and bright-red colour of the fur on the dorsal surface, together with its size and shape of the ears, in which it resembles V. mystacinus. a. f ad., al. West Africa. Captain Burton [P.].
Subgenus VESPERTILIO.
14. Vespertilio goudotii.
Vespertilio goudotii, Smith, African Zoology, p. 132 (1834). Vespertilio madagascariensis, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 89. ? Vespertilio sylvicola *, Grandidier, Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1870, p. 49. Ears large, nearly as long as the head, rounded at the tips, with a deep angular emargination occupying the upper third of the outer margin, the remaining two thirds strongly convex and terminating in a small lobe (Plate XIX. fig. 6); tragus moderate, on the inner side convex, so that the acutely pointed attenuated extremity inclines outwards, externally convex below, and slightly concave in the upper third, at the base a well-defined horizontal lobule. Nostrils prominent, opening downwards and outwards, separated by a shallow emargination above and in front. Crown of the head vaulted behind the slender muzzle.
Feet rather large ; the wing-membrane terminates at the end of the tarsus; the extreme tip of the tail free.
Above, dull chestnut, the base of the hairs dusky ; beneath, the extremities of the hairs are pale brown or slightly ashy, dull black or dark brown at the base.
* The type of this species has been lost, and the description is insufficient.
302 VESPERTILIONID 2.
The face and upper lip are densely covered with long hair, the extremity of the nose alone naked; the body is covered with long fine fur, but the wing-membranes are nearly naked. The fur of the head, neck, and shoulders longer than that of the back, which extends for a short distance upon the interfemoral membrane and terminates abruptly, leaving the rest of the membrane quite naked; beneath, afew very fine and short hairs spring from the transverse dotted lines.
Upper incisors rather long and nearly equal; outer incisors unicuspidate and vertical in direction ; inner incisors in a plane anterior to the outer ones, and directed forwards and inwards; second upper premolars very small, drawn inwards, and not distinguishable without alens. In the lower jaw the second premolar is about half the size of the first, but much larger than the corresponding tooth above ; it also lies slightly internal to the first premolar. Length (of a dried specimen), head and body 1'5, tail 1'"5, ear 0"-65, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1':5, thumb 0:28, third finger 2:8, fifth finger 2'"1, tibia 0'"6, foot 0'°3.
Hab. Madagascar.
a, b. ad. sk. Vohima, Madagascar. Purchased.
15. Vespertilio nipalensis.
Vespertilio nipalensis, Dobson, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 214; Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 142, figs. a,b (1876). Crown of the head almost level with the face-line ; muzzle narrow, appearing somewhat broader near its extremity, owing to the small glandular prominences between the eyes and nostrils ; nostrils opening sublaterally without intervening emargination. TEars shorter than the head, narrow, and pointed ; outer margin of the ear-conch deeply hollowed out immediately beneath the-tip, which projects outwards considerably ; the lower half of the outer margin is slightly convex, and terminates a short distance in front of the base of the tragus, not forming any lobe or anterior projection; tragus long, narrow, and pointed, curved slightly outwards ; at the base, on the outer margin, a small lobule is placed, which in this species appears unusually long.
Wing-membrane from the base of the toes ; toes long, about two thirds the length of the whole foot.
The fur of the head and back is long and dense, bicoloured, from the base upwards black with brown tips; beneath, the hairs are black for two thirds their length, the remaining portion to the tip pure white. The whole under surface of specimens dried from spirit appears white, and the dark portions of the hairs are not perceived till the fur is raised. Between the eyes, and as far as the slight glandular prominences of the muzzle, the face is covered with very long dense fur of the same quality as that on the back of the head ; in front of the base of the ear and about the eye the fur is very
12. VESPERTILIO, 303 short and thin; and the same kind of fur also clothes the glandular prominences, interspersed with long straight hairs. On the upper surface the wing-membranes are clothed along the sides of the body only ; beneath they are covered as far as a line drawn between the middle of the humerus and femur; behind about half the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane is clothed with a few short thinly spread hairs ; the under surface is similarly covered, but the hairs extend further back along the tail.
The canines in both jaws are very short, in the lower jaw resembling premolars; the first and second premolars are minute, and in the upper jaw scarcely distinguishable without the aid of a lens. Length (of an adult 9 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'°65, tail 1°35, head 0':6, ear 0'°48, tragus 0'°25, forearm 1'°35, thumb 0":25, third finger 2''3, fifth finger 1°75, tibia 0'°6, foot 0'°3, calcaneum 0'"6.
Hab. Katmandu, Nipal.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 16. Vespertilio emarginatus.
Vespertilio emarginatus, Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. viii. p. 198 ; Macgillivray, Natural. Library, vii. p. 96 (1888) ; De Selys-Longchamps, Fauna Belge (1842); Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 142 (1876).
? Vespertilio epichrysus, Temminck, Monogr, Mamma. ii. p. 208 (1835-41).
Vespertilio mystacinus, Keys. § Blas. Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, p. 310. Vespertilio ciliatus, Blastus, Wiegm. Archiv, 1858, p. 288; Fauna Deutschl. p. 91, figs. 62, 63 (1857).
Crown of the head very slightly raised above the face-line ; muzzle long, sloping evenly downwards on the sides to the margin of the upper lip; extremity of nose projecting slightly. Lars nearly as long as the head; laid forwards the tips extend to the end of the nose ; the horizontal margin of the internal basal lobe forms a right angle with the ascending margin, which in its lower fourth is straight, and then slightly convex to the tip; the tip is shortly rounded off ; beneath it the upper third of the outer margin is deeply emarginate (but the tip scarcely projects outwards), then very abruptly convex, and terminating in a small lobe curved inwards. Tragus long, narrow above and acutely pointed, reaching nearly to the edge of the emarginate portion of the outer margin of the conch ; the inner margin slightly convex; the outer margin convex below, with a small lobe at the base, concave above, so that the tragus is directed outwards.
Wings to the base of the claws ; extreme tip of the tail free. On the upper surface the fur of the body extends thinly upon the wing-membranes as far as a line drawn from the middle of the humerus to the knee-joint; upon the interfemoral as far as a line drawn from one tibia to the other; also upon the legs as far as the ankles, and upon the toes very sparingly ; the posterior margin of
304 VESPERTILIONID.
the interfemoral is fringed by a few short fine hairs. Beneath, the wing-membrane is covered with very few fine hairs ranged along the transverse lines as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and the interfemoral has a patch of thinly spread hairs about the root of the tail. The face is rather thickly covered with short hairs; the margin of the upper lip is fringed with long hairs, and the chin is similarly covered; the ear-conch is clothed internally with short hairs arising from papille, as in Keriwvoula, but the integument of the ears is rather thicker than in the species of that genus.
Fur, above, dark brown at the base, then light brown with reddishbrown tips; beneath, similar, with much lighter-coloured extremities. Ears and membranes reddish brown.
The first upper premolar stands in the tooth-row, is about half the vertical height of the third premolar, and the bases of these teeth nearly touch ; the second premolar is very small, not one third the size of the first premolar, and is crushed inwards; the first lower premolar is somewhat more than half the vertical height of the canine; the second premolar is scarcely two thirds the size of the first; and the third premolar exceeds the first molar in vertical extent.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in spirit), head and body 1”-75, tail 1'-65, head 0'-75, ear 0'-75, tragus 0°35, forearm 1'-58, thumb 0"-35, third finger 2-55, fourth finger 21, fifth finger 2'1, tibia 0'°75, foot 0''°38.
Hab, Middle and Southern Europe, extending from France and Rhenish Prussia to Italy.
Var. a (Vespertilio desertorum).
Vespertilio desertorum, Dobson, Blanford, Ann. § M. N. H. 1875, xvi. p. 809; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 144 (1876); Blanford, Eastern Per sid, ii. p. 20, with woodcut of head (1877). Similar to V. emarginatus in structure, but distinguished by its greater size, much lighter colour of the fur and membranes, and especially by the upper incisors, which are parallel and close together.
‘Caleaneum distinct, terminating in a well-marked small projecting lappet of skin; ears very thin ; glandular papille distinct. ¥F ur, above and beneath, very light-coloured; ears and interfemoral membranes pale yellowish white ; wing-membranes dusky white.
The fur on the back is tricoloured, dark at the base, then pale straw-coloured, the extremities very light reddish brown ; beneath, dark at the base of the hairs, the extremities very pale straw-colour. Length (of an adult 9 preserved in spirit), head and body 2’1 head 0"-75, tail 1-6, ear 0'':65, tragus 0:35, forearm 1-75, thumb 0'°35, third finger QI 8, fourth finger oN: 25, fifth finger 2'°35, tibia 0! 8, caleaneum 0!" 5, foot 0-45.
Hab. Baluchistan.
12. VESPERTILIO. 305 This appears to be the representative of V. emarginatus in Baluchistan and surrounding countries. The above described well-marked characters (derived from an examination of several specimens preserved in alcohol), though apparently constant, do not, in my opinion, justify complete separation as a species distinct from the European form.
a,b. 2 ad., al. fat, Baluchistan. W.T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. 17. Vespertilio tricolor.
Vespertilio tricolor, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 207 (1835- 41); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. v. p. 745 (1855). Resembles V. emarginatus closely in genoral form, and even in. the quality, colour, and distribution of the fur; but is easily distinguished by its greater size and conspicuously shorter ears, which are much less abruptly convex in the lower two thirds of the outer margin ; the tragus is also much curved outwards, and the extremity of the tail does not project.
In general form the skull differs considerably from that of V. emarginatus, being proportionally much broader in front, and the brain-case less vaulted and raised above the facial bones. In V. emarginatus the inner incisor is quite equal to the outer; in this species it is conspicuously larger and the posterior cusp longer ; the first upper premolar also occupies the whole space between the canine and third premolar, and the second premolar is quite internal ; in V. emarginatus the second premolar is half internal and quite visible in the space between the first and third premolars. Length (of the type specimen), head and body about 2'°5, tail 1:8, head 0'"8, ear 0'°55, tragus 0'°3, forearm 1-9; third finger— metacarp. 1'°8, 1st ph. 0'°7, 2nd ph. 0-85; fourth finger—metaearp. 1'°75, 1st ph. 0-55, 2nd ph. 0'"5; fifth finger—metacarp. 1'7, Ist ph. 0-5, 2nd ph. 0'"5 ; tibia 0'°8, foot 0°43. Hab. South Africa (Cape of Good Hope).
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum, 18. Vespertilio oreias.
Vespertilio oreias, Temminck, Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 270 (18385- 1841).
Ears apparently as long as the head ; the inner margin of the earconch straight in its lower, convex in its middle and upper thirds ; the upper half of the outer margin flatly emarginate, then convex, but not abruptly so as in V. emarginatus: tragus much attenuated, almost as much as in Kerivoula, and inclined slightly outwards ; the. outer margin slightly concave above, the inner slightly convex. Wings from the base of the toes ; feet rather small; half the last caudal vertebra free.
Fur rather long and dense, extending densely upon the face x
306 VESPERTILIONID AS.
nearly to the end of the muzzle; ears naked or with a few fine hairs only.
hone dark brown, with yellowish-brown extremities ; bencath similar, the tips of the hairs pale yellow.
Upper incisors equal; both the upper premolars stand in the tooth-row.
. Length (of the type specimen), ear 0'°65, tragus 0°35, forearm ['-5, third finger 2'3, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0'"7, foot 0'"3. Hab. Singapore.
Type in the collection of the Leyden Museum.
Dr. Peters has identified V. oreias with V. emarginatus. It is undoubtedly closely allied to that species, but the form of the ear is quite different ; both the upper premolars stand in the tooth-row, and the fur is bicoloured and much darker than in V. emarginatus. 19. Vespertilio welwitschii.
Scotophilus welwitschii, Gray, P. Z. S, 1866, p. 211, pl. xxiv. Head moderately elevated ; muzzle broad, shaped like that of V. natterert, sloping evenly down to the upper lip; ears long and narrow, laid forwards the tips extend slightly beyond the end of the nose; lower third of inner margin of the ear straight, upper two thirds convex to the tip, as in V. murinus ; tip shortly rounded off and projecting externally, owing to an abrupt emargination of the outer margin causing the upper part of the ear to appear narrow, below this the outer margin is faintly convex, very slightly concave opposite the middle third of the tragus, then again convex to its termination opposite the base of the inner margin ; on the inner surface of the external basal lobe a small vertical lobe, as in V. murinus. Tragus long, attenuated in its upper third, and acutely pointed ; upper two thirds of its inner margin slightly convex ; at the base of the outer margin a very distinct rounded lobe, above which the outer margin becomes convex and reaches its greatest width slightly above the base of the inner margin (Plate XIX. fig. 3, ear, enlarged). Wings from the metatarsi close to base of toes. Feet slender; ealcaneum long, extending three fourths the distance between the foot and the tip of the tail, terminating in a small projection. Tail wholly included except the extreme tip, equal to the head and body in length.
The wing-membranes are variegated with orange and black, as in V. formosus, but, in addition, the upper surface of the interfemoral membrane, which in that species is wholly orange, is, in V. welwitschii, margined behind by a black band and dotted over with small black dots, which also appear upon the orange-coloured portion of the wings between the humerus and the femur, and on the forearm and legs.
The head is covered with long hair ; in front of the eyes the face is rather thickly covered with short hairs, and the margin of the upper lip is fringed. The wing-membranes are nearly naked, and the fur of the back extends upon the interfemoral at the base of the tail
12, VESPERTILIO. 307 only. Posteriorly the free margin of the interfemoral between the ends of the calcanea is fringed with fine straight hairs. Above, dark at the base for about one fourth the length of the hairs, then pale straw-colour, extremities reddish ; beneath, the very base only is dark, the remainder of the hairs dull straw-colour. Dentition quite similar to that of V. murinus.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2'*4, tail 2'-4, head 0'°8, ear 1”, tragus 0’':4, forearm 2'05, thumb 0'°35, third finger 4’, fifth finger 2'"7, tibia 0'°85, foot 0'''5. Hab. Angola, West Africa.
a. & ad., al. (type). Angola. Dr. Welwitsch [C.1. 20. Vespertilio nattereri.
Vespertilio nattereri, Kuhl, Deutsch. Fledermduse, Annal. Wetter. Gesellsch. Naturk. Bd. i. p. 33 (1819) ; Zemm. Monogr. Mamm. ii. p. 185; Bell, Brit. Quadrup. p. 42 (1837); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Sdugeth. v. p. 723 (1855); Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 88 (1857). Head considerably raised above the face-line ; muzzle broad, sides not prominent, evenly sloping down to the edge of the upper lip. Ears long, laid forwards they extend at least one tenth of an inch beyond the end of the nose; in general shape oval, with evenly rounded extremities, the convexity of the ear interrupted in the upper third of the outer margin only by slight flattening; the inner margin is regularly convex from the base to the tip; near the termination of the outer margin a small vertically placed outer lobe (the antitragus) is well marked in this species. The tragus is very long, quite three fourths the diameter of the ear-conch, narrow and subacutely pointed, the inner margin slightly convex, the outer correspondingly concave ; at the base of the outer margin a distinct horizontal lobe succeeded by an emargination, immediately above which, opposite the base of the inner margin, the tragus suddenly attains its greatest width. Wings from the base of the toes or close to them ; caleaneum long ; tip of tail projecting; the portion of membrane between the end of the caleaneum and the tail is fringed with short stiff hairs. This fringe of hairs readily distinguishes the species. Fur very long and dense; above dark brown, with light reddish-brown tips ; beneath darker at the base, the terminal third of the hairs white. First and second premolars small, the second about half the first in vertical extent, but scarcely one third its bulk and slightly internal to it. In the lower jaw the second premolar is very slender, about half the height of the first premolar, and, though standing in the tooth-row, placed in a plane distinctly internal to the first premolar, which slants slightly outwards.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1°65, tail 1-65, head 0':65, ear 0'"7, tragus 0'°4, forearm 1-45, thumb 0"-3, third finger 2''-6, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0'-6, calcaneum 0-85, foot 0'°35.
Hab. Middle Europe, from Ireland to the Ural Mountains, and from Southern Sweden to the Alps. :
x2
308 VESPERTILIONIDE.
This species appears to connect the genera Vespertilio and Kerivoula, agreeing with the species of the former genus in detention and, slightly, in the form of the ears; while the form of the head, the semitransparent ears marked with glandular papille, the great length of the tail, the long calcanea curved backwards, and fringed interfemoral membrane connect it closely with the species of Kerivoula. a, b. ad. sk. England.
e. 2 ad., al. England. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].
d. 9 ad., al. England. H. Douhledae, sq. [P.]. ef. d& Qad,al. England. Purchased.
g-k. @ ad, al. England. Lord Lilford [P.].
4, ad. sk. New Forest. F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
m,n. ad. sk Warwickshire. R. F. Tomes, 7 Es, [P.]. o. © ad., al Inverary. Duke of Argy p. ad., al Co. Longford, Ireland. G. E. Dope iL B. By qg. 2 ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude [ ru, db & Q ad., al.
vz. gd & Q juv. etad. Zool. Soe. Coll.
21. Vespertilio bechsteinii.
Vespertilio bechsteinii, Leisler, Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk. Ba. i. p. 80 (1819) ; Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 184 (1835-41); Bell, Brit. Quadrup. yp. p. 40, fig. (1837); Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Siiugeth. v. p. 723 (1855) ; Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 85, figs. 58, 59 (1857).
Ears narrow, much longer than the head; outer margin of the ear-conch very slightly flattened beneath the tip, the remaining portion as far as the base of the tragus convex, then slightly emarginate, and terminating m a convex lobe: tragus long, attenuated, and curved outwards above ; upper half of the inner margin convex, outer margin correspondingly concave above (Plate XVIII. fig. 12, ear, enlarged).
Wings from the base of the toes; the last rudimentary caudal vertebra free.
Fur, above and beneath, dark brown at the base; the extremities of the hairs above light reddish, beneath white. Distribution of the fur as in V. murinus.
Length (of an adult specimen), head and body 2”, tail 1-5, head 0'-75, ear 0'"95, tragus 0'-48, forearm 1'55, second finger 2''7, fourth finger 2'"1, tibia 0'°8, foot and claws 0'°35. Hab. Europe (from Southern England to Southern Russia, and from Sweden to the Alps).
V. bechsteinit resembles V. murinus in general form, but is readily distinguished from that species by the proportionally much longer ears, by the very different form of the tragus, by the wing-membrane extending quite to the base of the toes, and also by its considerably smnaller size.
a. ad. sk. Hampshire.
b-f. 3 & @ juv., al. New Forest, F. Bond, Esq. [P.]. g. ad. sk. Europe. Leyden Museum [P.].
hk. do imm,, al. No history.