6. VESPERUGO. 229 Var. a.
Vespertilio irretitus, Cantor, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. p- 481 (1842), Vespertilio meyeni, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 7; Ann. & Mag. at. Hist. xvi. p. 53.
Vesperugo irretitus, Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 98 (1876). Ear-conch as in typical specimens of V. abramus, but the tragus is more narrowed above, slightly smaller, and the lobule near the base of its outer margin is less distinct. The head is also distinctly broader, and more elevated above the face-line, and this breadth of the head causes the muzzle to appear triangular; the glandular prominences are well developed, but occupy chiefly the sides of the muzzle and the upper lip, which is considerably thickened, and do not cause a depression on the upper surface.
Thumb and feet considerably larger than in V. abramus ; postcalcaneal lobe narrower and longer, commencing close to the feet. Incisors as in typical specimens of V’. abramus, but the first upper premolar is longer, and placed quite internal to the canine, so that, although the second premolar is separated from the canine by a small space, the first premolar can scarcely be seen from without. Length, head and body 1'55, tail 1-2, head 0'°55, ear 0''-48, tragus 0''-22, forearm 1'3, thumb 0'':3, third finger 2”, fifth finger 1''5, tibia 0'°45, foot 0'28.
Hab. Chusan, east coast of China; Philippine Islands. a,b. 6 & @ ad., al. (type). Chusan. Dr. Cantor [P.]. og. 6 & Pad, al, Philippine Islands. Zool. Soc. Coll: (Types of Vespertilio meyeni, Waterhouse.)
‘<The fur is somewhat scanty; it is thickest on the back, where it is of an obscure dirty grey, blending in some individuals to a brownish colour, that in front being thinner and of a lighter hue. The main bulk of the fur is of a dark plumbeous, the above-mentioned colours constituting the tips only. “« Upper Jaw.—The incisors, both central and lateral, unicuspid and of equal length ; the canines moderately developed; the first premolar is very small, wedged in between the canine and the second premolar, which is large, as in other species of Scotophilus (Vesperugo) ; the molars as usual. “ Lower Jaw.—The incisors and canines not peculiar; the premolars two in number ; the first is small and is unicuspid, the second larger with an obscure basal cusp. The skull is eminently Scotophiloid, being flat and broad. “Length, head and body 1-35, tail 1”, forearm 1’"1, tibia 0-45, third finger 1'"7, ear (posteriorly) 0'"3. :
“This Bat resembles the S. pipistrellus of Europe in the contour of the head, the shape of the ear and tragus, the smallness and shape of the thumb and nail, the character of the interfemoral membrane, and in the style of colouring. The greater part of the fur in both is of dark plumbeous, the tip alone being of a hue at variance with it. These tips in 9. hesperus are brownish grey and fawn, in S. pipistrellus being a rich olive-brown.” i The above description agrees very well with a specimen of a Bat from the Straits of Juan da Fuca (Vancouver's Island), which is preserved in the collection of the Haslar Museum near Portsmouth, and which appears to me to be identical with V. abramus; but I hesitate to accord to the latter species 80 wide a distribution on the evidence of a single species, though it is highly probable that, as the Serotine is found also in America, this species, which has so wide a distribution in the eastern hemisphere, may also extend into the New World,
230 VESPERTILIONID.&.
35. Vesperugo kuhlii.
Vespertilio kuhlii, Natt. in Kuhl, Deutsch. Flederm. Wetterau. Ann. iv. p. 58 (1817) ; Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 140 (4820); Temm. Monogr. Mammal. ii. p. 196 (1835-41).
Vespertilio marginatus, Riippell, Atlas, Voy. Egypt, p. 74 (1826); Temm. 1. ec. p. 20], pl. 52.
Vespertilio albolimbatus, Kuster, Isis, 1835, p. 75. Romicia calcarata, Gray, Mag. Zool. §& Bot. ti. p. 495. Vespertilio vispipistrellus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. fasc. xx. Vesperugo kuhlii, Blasius, Fauna Deutschl. p. 63, figs. 41, 42 (1857) ; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 94, fig. a (1876), Nycticejus canus, Blyth, Cat. Mammal, Mus, As. Soe. Beng. p. 32; Jerdon, Mammals of India.
Scotophilus lobatus, Jerdon, Mamm. of India, p, 85 (1867). Vesperugo leucotis, Dobson, J. A. S, B. 1872, p. 212. Fars larger than in V. abramus, triangular; base of the inner margin very convex forwards, tip of the ear obtusely rounded off, outer margin flatly emarginate above for more than one third its length, causing the tip to project slightly, the lower two thirds slightly convex, the edge reflected backwards, terminating at a short distance behind the angle of the mouth. Tragus larger than in V. abramus, attaining its greatest breadth slightly below the middle of the inner margin; the triangular lobule above the base of the outer margin is succeeded by a slight concavity, above which the outer margin reaches its greatest convexity ; the inner margin is straight, and the tip is obtusely rounded off from without inwards.
Wings from the base of the toes; feet small; caleaneum very long; postcalcaneal lobe distinct, rounded; extreme tip of tail free. The posterior edge of the interfemoral and wing-membranes generally margined with white; membranes and ears dark. On the upper surface the fur extends upon the wing-membrane as far as a linedrawn from the middle of the humerus to the kneejoint ; posteriorly, about one third of the interfemoral membrane is covered. Beneath, the wing-membrane is thinly covered nearly as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee, and half the surface of the interfemoral is clothed with short fine hairs arising from the transverse dotted lines.
Above, black for three fourths the length of the fur, the terminal one fourth light yellowish brown or dun-colour ; beneath, black for the same extent, the extremities ashy, becoming almost white on the abdomen and pubes. (This is the colour of the fur in specimens from Southern Europe.)
In specimens from the sandy regions of Baluchistan and Northern India (V. leucotis, Dobson), the ears, sides of face about the eyes, interfemoral membrane, antebrachial membrane, and the wingmembrane near the sides of the body are white, very translucent, and the remaining part of the wing-membrane is traversed by very distinct white reticulations. In them the glandular prominences on the sides of the muzzle are greatly developed in a vertical direction
6. VESPERUGO. 231 as to cause a considerable depression between them on the ace.
Inner upper incisors long and acutely pointed; outer incisors very short, scarcely one fourth the length of the inner incisors ; the first upper premolar very small, in the angle between the closely approximated second premolar and the canine; lower incisors trifid and slightly crowded.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1°75, tail 1”-5, ear 0'°55, tragus 0':25, forearm 1'':35, thumb 0'*25, third finger 2':4, fifth finger 1'-7, tibia 0'45, foot 0-28. Hab. Southern Europe—countries south of the Pyrenees and the Alps; Northern Africa; Southern Asia—Palestine, Persia, Baluchistan, India; probably generally distributed throughout these countries.
a. @ ad, al. Silesia. Dr. Giinther.
bc. 5b & QP ad, al. Silesia. Dr. Giinther. d. & ad, al. Silesia. Dr. Giinther.
e ¢ ad., al, Sicily. M. Parzudaki [C.]. Sig. ad. sks. Algiers. Purchased.
ht & & @ ad.al. Tunis. Mr. Fraser [C.]. J, ke Tripoli. Purchased.
in. 6 & 2 ad.,al. Palestine. Rey. H. B. Tristram [C. ]. 0, p. 3 & Q ad., al. Karwan, S.E. Persia. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. qr. 3 & Q ad., al. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. s. 9 ad., al. Madras. Sir A. Smith [P.
t. ad. sk. India. General Hardwicke [C.]. u. & ad, al. Lingasugur, 8. India. G. E. Dobson, M.B. [P.]. v. fo ad., al. Affghanistan. Dr. Horsfield [P.}. w. 2 ad., al. Senafi. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.]. wv. & ad, al. M. Parzudaki (C.]}.
y. Q ad., al. Haslar Museum.
z. o ad., al. (Type of Romicia calcarata, Gray.) a’. f ad., al. M. Lidth de Jeude.
b,c’. dimm.et ad.,al. Old Collection.
d'. skull. India. Sir Walter Elliot [P.]. 36. Vesperugo maderensis.
Ears and tragus generally like those of V. kuhlii, but the outer margin of the ear-conch is much more deeply emarginate above, and the middle third consequently more abruptly convex (Plate XII. fig. 5, ear, double natural size).
Postcaleaneal lobe distinct, placed on the caleaneum about the length of the foot from the ankle; extremity of the tail free; wings from the base of the toes; feet small.
Fur, above, dark brown with light brown extremities to the hairs ; beneath, the hairs are dull black with yellowish-brown tips. No trace of a white margin to the membranes. ; On the upper surface the fur extends upon the wings almost as far as a line drawn from the proximal third of the humerus to the knee, and upon the base of the interfemoral membrane ; beneath, the wing-membrane is clothed as far as a line drawn from the
232 VESPERTILIONID.Z.
elbow to the knee; fur longer on the ventral than on the dorsal surface.
Inner upper incisor on each side very slender, long, and wnicuspidate, the outer incisor very small and_close to its base; lower incisors at right angles to the direction of the jaw; second upper premolar separated by a narrow space from the canine, through which the summit of the minute first premolar can in some specimens be seen.
Length (of an adult ¢), head and body 1'"6, tail 1'"5, head 0°55, ear 0'"5, tragus 0':22, forearm 1':3, thumb 0'22, second finger 2"-25, fourth finger 1''-6, tibia 0'45, foot 0'°25. (Three specimens (from Palma and Madeira) have been examined and measured by me and found to agree in all respects.) Hab. Madeira and Canary Isles.
This species is closely allied to V. kuhlii, but may be at once distinguished by the much shorter body and longer tail, by the very deep emargination on the outer side of the ear, and by the complete absence of the white margin to the membranes.
a. Q ad., al. (type). Madeira. W. S. MacGillivray [C. ]- 6. 3 ad., al. Palma.
37. Vesperugo krefftii.
Noctulinia tasmanensis, Gray, List of Mammal. Brit. Mus. p. 194 (not described) (1843).
_ Vesperugo krefftii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1869, p. 404. Ears shorter than the head, laid forwards their extremities do not reach halfway between the eyes and the end of the nose; earconch triangular, inner margin very convex in lower half, the tip rounded off ‘and distinct, owing to a deep and abrupt emargination which occupies the upper third of the outer margin, middle third convex above, then straight, lower third terminating abruptly without forming a lobe; tragus narrow in upper third, acutely pointed and curved inwards, a distinct acutely triangular lobe at the base of the outer margin.
Wings from the base of the toes or from the metatarsus ; the small cartilagious extremity of the tail alone free; postcalcaneal lobe very shallow, as in the Serotine.
Face in front of the ears nearly naked, glandular prominences with a few long hairs; wing-membrane naked except along the sides of the body, under surface of the interfemoral with short fine hairs. Above, dark reddish brown, paler beneath ; the base of the hairs on both surfaces very dark brown, almost black. Upper outer incisor on each side extremely small, about equal to the cingulum of the inner incisor in vertical extent; inner incisors unicuspidate, long and strong ; first upper premolar minute, in the inner angle between the canine and the closely approximated second premolar; lower incisors transverse, placed at right angles to the direction of the jaws; first lower premolar about one third the vertical extent of the second.
- 6. VESPERUGO. 233 Length (of the type specimen, an adult 2), head and body 2'4, tail 2", head 0'"85, ear 0”-75, tragus 0''3, forearm 1'-9, thumb 0"-4, third finger 3'-35, fifth finger 2’-3, tibia 0'"8, foot 0’°4. Hab. Australia (New South Wales); Tasmania.
a. ad. sk. Tasmania.
(Type of Noctukinia tasmanensis, Gray.)
38. Vesperugo pulcher.
Vesperugo pulcher, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 471. Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face-line ; muzzle shaped more like that of some species of Vespertilio (V. emarginatus, e. g.), and the glandular prominences between the nostrils and eyes less developed than in most species of Vesperugo. Ears about four fifths the length of the head, the ascending inner margin straight or faintly convex, the upper half of the outer margin slightly concave, terminating in a line directly below the eye, but on a lower level than the angle of the mouth; tragus nearly half the length of the ear, shaped like that. of V. serotinus (Plate XII. fig. 6).
Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane festooned with distinct papillee arranged like the teeth of a comb (Plate XII. fig. 6, a). Fur above sienna-brown, with shining tips, beheath wholly pure white; the dark-coloured fur of the back does not pass beyond a line connecting the angle of the mouth (when the head is extended) and the under surface of the humerus. Interfemoral, antebrachial, and wing-membranes between the humerus and femur white; the remaining parts of the wing-membrane pale brown. Inner upper incisor long, with a second cusp on its outer side near the extremity. Outer incisor short, lying close to the base of the inner incisor. Second premolar in the upper jaw separated from the canine by a short interval, through which the small first premolar is distinctly visible from without. Lower incisors not crowded.
Length (of an adult ¢ preserved in alcohol), head and body 2”, tail 1’°6, head 0’°7, ear 0'"6, tragus 0'°25, forearm 1°35, thumb 0-28, third finger 2'"6, fifth finger 1-9, tibia 0-52, foot 0-3. Hab. §.E. Africa (Zanzibar).
Type in the collection of the British Museum.
a. 3 ad., al. (type). Zanzibar. Dr. Kirk [P.].
39. Vesperugo temminckii.
Vespertilio temminckii, Cretzschmar, Riippell, Atlas Reise nérdl. Afrika, Zoolog. p. 17, fol. 6 (1826).
veafentitts riippellii, Fischer, Synop. Mammal. p. 108. Vesperugo riippellii, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Stugeth. vy. p. 745 (1855). Vespertilio (Alobus) temminckii, Peters, MB. Akad. Berl. 1867, p. 707.
Considerably smaller than V. pulcher, and the muzzle compara-
234 VESPERTILIONID A.
tively broader and more obtuse in front; tragus also more expanded and rounded off above, and the upper half of its inner margin is distinctly concave.
Posterior margin of the interfemoral membrane with a few illdefined papille.
Fur, above, dark brown with paler extremities; beneath, pale yellowish white. Membranes as in the preceding species. Inner upper incisor long, with a second well-defined external cusp partially distinct from the cingulum downwards ; outer incisor very small, not distinguishable with the naked eye, close to the outer and anterior side of the inner incisor; lower incisors placed at right angles to the direction of the jaws, slightly overlapping ; first upper premolar very small, not visible from without. Length (of an adult 2 preserved in alcohol), head and body 1'8, tail 1'"3, head 0'"6, ear 0°53, tragus 0'°2, forearm 1°15, thumb 0"-23, third finger 2''15, fifth finger 1°55, tibia 0-4, foot 0'-23. Hab. N.E. Africa (Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia).
The above description has been taken from a well-preserved specimen in the collection of the Museum of the Army Medical Department at Netley, which I have compared with the type of the species, 40. Vesperugo annectens.
Pipistrellus annectens, Dobson, Proc. Asiat, Soc. Beng. 1871, p. 213. Vesperugo annectens, Dobson, Monogr, Asiat. Chiropt. p. 116, figs. a, 6 (1876).
Head slightly elevated; face hairy ; glandular prominences of the upper lip small; ears pointed, with rounded tips, outer margin deeply hollowed out immediately below the tip, then convex, again slightly concave opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating by forming a small rounded lobe; tragus long, subacutely pointed, inner margin almost straight, outer slightly convex, with a small rounded lobe at the base.
Extreme tip of tail free ; no membranous lobe on posterior margin of calcaneum.
Fur, so far as can be ascertained from the inspection of a specimen in spirit, above dark brown with paler tips ; beneath brown, reddish towards the tip.
The fur of the head extends upon every part of the face, except the nostrils, forming a thick fringe along the margin of the upper lip; the parts beneath the eyes and the glandular prominences are not so densely covered as the remaining portions. On the wing-membrane the fur of the body extends, above and beneath, nearly as far as a line drawn between the middle of the humerus and the knee-joint ; the remaining portions of membrane are quite naked. The interfemoral membrane is covered above at the root of the tail and beneath to a similar extent. Upper incisors nearly equal; of the pair on each side the inner incisor is slightly notched at its extremity ; canines small, scarcely
6. VESPERUGO. 235 exceeding the second premolar in the upper jaw in vertical extent; in the lower jaw the second premolar slightly exceeds the canine ; first upper premolar minute, placed slightly inside the tooth-row, but distinctly visible from without.
Length, head and body 2”, tail 1-6, head 0-75, ear 0-6, tragus 0"3 x 0'"07, forearm 1”°8, thumb 0'"3, third finger 3”, fifth finger 2-1, tibia 0"-75, calcanoum 0'7, foot 0'"3 Hab. Naga Hills, Assam.
Type in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 41. Vesperugo georgianus.
Vespertilio georgianus, F. Cuv. Nowv. Ann. du Musée, p. 16 (1832) ; Wagner, Suppl. Schreber Sdugeth. i. p. 531, v. p. 750 (1855) ; Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad. 1855, p. 436. Scotophilus georgianus, Allen, Monogr. Bats N. Amer. p. 85 (1864). Ears like those of V. temminckii, but narrower above, and the tragus resembles that of the preceding species, tapering towards the tip, which is subacutely pointed; at the base of the outer margin a triangular lobe is placed, succeeded by an emargination, immediately above which the tragus reaches its greatest width, thence it quickly lessens towards the subacute tip; the inner margin is straight, the outer convex opposite the base of the inner margin and straight in its upper third (Plate XII. fig. 7). The glandular prominences on the muzzle are moderately developed.
Thumb large; tibia long; feet very large, the toes more than half the length of the foot; no postcalcaneal lobe; last vertebra of tail quite free.
Above, dark brown at the base of the hairs, the terminal third of the hair light yellowish brown ; beneath similar, but of a lighter shade.
The fur of the back extends upon the basal half of the interfemoral membrane, and long hairs clothe the leg as far as the ankle; beneath, the wing-membrane is covered as far as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee-joint; the base of the interfemoral membrane is clothed with long hair, and the rest of the surface with short hairs occurring more densely along the tail. The upper incisors are more like those found in the genus Vespertilio; the inner incisor is directed inwards, and has a cusp on its posterior and outer surface ; the outer incisor is directed vertically downwards, is unicuspidate, and about three fourths the length of the inner one. The incisors are thus directed differently, and are separated by a considerable interval at their extremities, as in Vespertilio mystacinus, V. adversus, and other species of that genus. The canine is separated by a rather wide interval from the second premolar, through which the small first premolar is distinctly visible from without, and is much larger than in either V. pipistrellus or V. abramus. The lower incisors are not crowded ; the first lower premolar is less than half the size of the second premolar.
236 VESPERTILIONIDZ.
Length (of an adult 2 preserved in spirits), head and body 1':7, tail 16, tail free from membrane 0'"15, head 0'"58, ear 0'55, tragus 0'-23, forearm 1'°35, thumb 0:35, third finger 2'':45, fifth finger 1-8, tibia 0-6, foot 0°38.
Hab. North America.
a. Q not quite ad., al. Zool. Soe. Collection.
b. 2 ad., al. Smithsonian Institute.
ce. © ad., al. Smithsonian Institute.
42, Vesperugo tylopus.
Vesperugo (Glischropus) tylopus, Dobson, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 473; Monogr. Asiat. Chropt. p. 114 (1876).
Muzzle broad and evenly rounded in front ; nostrils opening on a level with the glandular prominences on each side, and without intervening emargination ; glands of the upper lip greatly developed, forming smooth, almost naked prominences, causing a furrow along the centre of the face behind the nostrils. Ears triangular, narrowed above, with rounded tips, the ascending part of the inner margin very faintly convex, nearly straight; the upper third of the outer margin straight, succeeded by a considerable convexity, causing the upper third to appear concave, then distinctly angularly emarginate opposite the base of the tragus, and terminating in a well-defined lobe midway between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth, but on a lower level than the mouth. This angular emargination and round terminal lobe are even betterdefined than in V. nanus. Tragus faintly concave along the inner margin, outer margin slightly convex, tip obtusely rounded off; a minute very acutely pointed projection slightly above the base of the outer margin (Plate XII. fig. 8, head, double natural size). Thumb rather long; the whole of the lower surface of the basal half occupied by a naked rounded callosity of a pale yellow colour (in alcohol), with transverse wrinkles ; the sole of the foot is similarly formed, but the surface is flat or slightly concave. The light yellow colour of the callosities or elastic and adhesive pads of the thumbs and feet contrasts remarkably with the very dark colour of the integument of the surrounding parts. ; Postcalcaneal lobe distinct ; extreme tip of tail projecting. Inner upper incisors long, bifid, the smaller cusp placed posteriorly and externally near the extremity; outer incisors very short, but in cross section equal to the inner ones, placed in a plane slightly anterior, the single cusp sloping inwards and lying against the cingulum of the inner incisors. Lower incisors trifid, not crowded. First upper premolar internal, but visible from without. Length, head and body 1'°55, tail 15, head 0'°55, ear 0'°5, tragus 0''-2, forearm 1':2, thumb 0'':26, third finger 2'4, fifth finger 1'°65, tibia 0-55, foot 0'-26.
Hab. North Borneo.
a. 9 ad., al. (type). North Borneo. Purchased.